أفضل المعالجة المقطعية جراحو أعصاب الأطفال - توب -30 أطباء

مصطفى سولاك ، دكتوراه في الطب ، هو طبيب تخرج من كلية الطب بجامعة هاسيتيب وأتم إقاماته في مستشفى شيشلي إتفال التعليمي والبحوث بإسطنبول ومنح الزمالة في معهد السرطان بجامعة هاسيتيب. وهو متخصص في سرطان الثدي وسرطان الخصية وسرطان المبيض وسرطان الرئة وسرطان الرأس والعنق وسرطان الجهاز الهضمي. وقد عمل أيضًا في مركز إم دي أندرسون للسرطان بجامعة تكساس ، ومستشفى كوروم للتدريب بجامعة هيتيت ، ومستشفى ميديكال بارك.

Professional Experience Compulsory Service 2014 - 15 District Health Director - Güroymak Community Health Center/BİTLİS Specialization 2015 - 20 Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery. Work Location 2024 - present Eskişehir City Hospital Neurosurgery Department Education Siirt Ataturk Anatolian High School 2003 - 07 Fırat University Faculty of Medicine 2007 - 13 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES • 1. Ozturk S, Erol FS, Akgun B, Surme MB, Artas G, Ozercan IH. Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Cavernous Hemangioma Mimicking Neurofibroma in a Patient Diagnosed with Neurofibromatosis Type I. Turkish Journal of Neurosurgery 2016; 26:141-144. • 2. Akgun B, Ozturk S, Taskent I, Surme MB, Erol FS, Yildirim H. Evaluation of Apparent Diffusion Coefficients in the Cerebellar Tonsils and Bulbus in Chiari Type I Malformations: Comparison Before and After Surgery. Turk Neurosurg. 2017 May 7. • 3. Surme MB, Hergünsel OB, Ertugrul B, Kaplan M. Ossifying Chronic Subdural Hematoma. Turkiye Clinicals Journal of Neurology. 2017;12:44-48 • 4. Akgun B, Surme MB, Ozturk S, Erol FS. Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematomas: Evaluation of 12 Cases. F.U. Journal of Health Science and Medicine. 2016; 30:107-111. • 5. Surme MB, Hergunsel OB, Akgun B, Kaplan M. Cranioplasty with preoperatively customized Polymethyl-methacrylate by using 3-Dimensional Printed Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Mold. J Neurosci Neurol Disord. 2018; 2:052-064. • 6. Bakal U, Poyraz AK, Tartar T, Akdeniz I, Surme MB, Çelik S. A Rare Complication of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: Asymptomatic Small Bowel Perforation Istanbul Med J 2019; 20(6): 571-3. • 7. De Lima L, Surme MB, Gessi M, Mastronuzzi A, Miele E, Tamburrini G, Massimi L. Central nervous system high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with BCOR alteration (CNS HGNET-BCOR)—case-based reviews Child's Nervous System ( 2020) 36:1589–1599 • 8. Surme MB, Demir F, Erol D., Kaplan M. Is There A Genetic Relationship Between Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia And Meningioma ? A Case Report Of 3 Genes Analyzes. Arq Bras Neurocir 2021;00:1–3. • 9. Gurbuz O, Surme MB. The effect of intradiscal percutaneous radiopaque gel ethanol injection on pain in patients with lumbar disc herniation: Our clinical experience. Eskisehir Med. J. 2022; 3(2):130-137. • 10. Arikan E, Surme MB. Evaluation of Clinical and Radiological Findings of Patients Diagnosed with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hematoma. Mevlana Medical Sciences Journal 2 (2), 70-74. ORAL PRESENTATIONS • Hergünsel OB, Ertugrul B, Surme MB, Kaplan M. A Case of Cervicogenic Headache Treated with C1 Posterior Arch Resection. Turkish Journal of Neurosurgery 30th Scientific Congress, 8-12 April 2016, Antalya. • Ozturk S, Erol FS, Akgun B, Surme MB, Artas G, Ozercan İH. Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Cavernous Hemangioma Mimicking Neurofibroma in a Patient Diagnosed with Neurofibromatosis Type I. Turkish Neurosurgery Society 30th Scientific Congress. 8-12 April 2016, Antalya. • Ertugrul B, Surme MB, Ozturk S, Kaplan M. A Case of Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Presenting with Intergluteal Tail. Turkish Neurosurgery Society 30th Scientific Congress. 8-12 April 2016, Antalya. • Akgun B, Surme MB, Ozturk S, Demir F, Okcesiz I, Erol FS. Evaluation of Acute Lumbar Disc Hernias with Thin Section Lumbar MRI. 12th International Turkish Spine Congress, 19-22 April 2017, Antalya. • Akgun B, Ozturk S, Taskent I, Surme MB, Erol FS, Yildirim H. Evaluation of Apparent Diffusion Coefficients in the Cerebellar Tonsils and Bulbus in Chiari Type I Malformations: Comparison Before and After Surgery. XVI. World Congress of Neurosurgery, August 20-25, 2017, Istanbul. • Akgun B, Surme MB, Ozturk S, Erol FS. Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematomas: Evaluation of 12 Cases. 12th International Turkish Spine Congress. 19-22 April 2017, Antalya. • Surme MB, Hergunsel OB, Celik S., Kaplan M, Erol FS. Evaluation of Cases with Cervical Spondylomyelopathy who underwent corpectomy - Our Clinical Experience. Turkish Neurosurgery Society 32nd Scientific Congress. 20-24 April 2018, Antalya. • Surme MB, Hergunsel OB, Akgun B, Kaplan M. Repair of Orbitofrontal Defects Using Polymethylmethacrylate Grafts Created by 3D Printer. Turkish Neurosurgery Society 32nd Scientific Congress. 20-24 April 2018, Antalya. C I T A T I O N S • My publications have a total of 40 citations. CERTIFICATES (OTHER) • 1. I received an Academic Incentive Bonus for 1 year in 2017 for my academic publications. • 2. Community Health Center Physicians Education. 14-18 July 2014, Kars. (Turkish public health institution). • 3. V. Turkey Zoonotic Diseases Symposium. 24 October 2015, Erzurum. (EKMUD- Turkish Infectious Diseases Specialization Association and TVHB - Turkish Veterinary Medical Association). • 4. Meaningful Occupation Solutions Together. 15-17 April 2015, Gothenburg/Sweden. (Lifelong Learning Programme). • 5. Certificate of Achievement (Position: District Health Manager) 2015, Güroymak/ Bitlis • (Güroymak District Governorship) • 6. Between 16.03.2019 - 04.04.2019, I performed my military service in Mamak/Ankara and was given a 'Certificate of Appreciation'. CERTIFICATES (NEUROSURGERY) • 1. Intracranial Aneurysms and Vascular Neuroanatomy. 14-15 January 2017, Mersin (TNDer Neuroanatomy and Neurovascular Education Training Group). • 2. XII. International Turkish Spine Congress. 19-22 April 2017, Antalya (Turkish Spine Association). • 3. Certificate of Use of Experimental Animals. 10.12.2018 – 20.12.2018, Elazig (FÜSEM- Fırat University Continuing Education Center). • 4. Turkish Neurosurgery Academy 4th Scientific Conference. 1-4 November 2018, Adana. • 5. Turkish Neurosurgery Society Training Program 6.Semester 1.Module. 28.06.2018- 01.07.2018, Mudanya/Bursa. (Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Group). • 6. Turkish Neurosurgery Association Training Program 7.Semester 2.Module 27.06.2019 – 30.06.2019, Van. (Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Group). • 7. Turkish Neurosurgery Association Training Program 8th Term 1st Course 2-5 May 2019, Kayseri. (Pediatric Neurosurgery Teaching and Training Group). • 8. Current Developments in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery. 30.11.2019, Elazig. (Koç University Faculty of Medicine Prof. Dr. Selçuk Peker) • 9. Turkish Neurosurgery Society 25. Spinal Symposium 28-31 October 2021, Çeşme. (Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Group) • 10. Turkish Neurosurgery Society, 34. Scientific Congress. September 30 - October 3, 2021, Online • 11. Turkish Neurosurgery Association, NOVA 19-22 May, 2022, Kütahya. (Speaker) • 12. Spinal Deformity Correction Maneuvers Course 21 May 2022, Eskişehir. (Speaker) • 13. Turkish Neurosurgery Society, 35. Scientific Congress. 24 – 27 November 2022, Antalya. (Speaker) • 14. Complex Spinal Surgery, February 4, 2023, Eskişehir (Speaker). • 15. I worked as a fellow in the Pediatric Neurosurgery department of Catholica University (Rome/Italy) Agostino Gemelli Hospital between 15.01.2020 and 14.02.2020 for 1 month. ORAL PRESENTATIONS(2) • Surme MB, Ertugrul B, Sen D, Kaplan M. Is There a Genetic Link Between Meningioma and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia? A Case Presentation Involving the Analysis of 3 Genes. 33rd Scientific Congress of the Turkish Neurosurgery Congress. April 11-14, 2019, Antalya. • Ozturk S, Surme MB, Gönen M, Yıldırım H, Korkmaz S, Kocabıçak E. Analysis of Perfusion Changes in White and Grey Matter in Parkinson's Patients Treated with Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation. 34th Scientific Congress of the Turkish Neurosurgery Congress. September 30 - October 3, 2021, Online." • "Surme MB, Ustun ME. Case of Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency Due to Vertebral Artery Dolichoarteriopathy. NOVA 2022, Kütahya." • "Ustun ME, Surme MB. Can vertebrobasilar insufficiency lead to parkinson like symptoms? EANS 2022, Belgrade." • "Ustun ME, Surme MB. Do vertebral artery stenoses have an atherosclerotic origin? EANS 2022, Belgrade." • "Surme MB, Yilmaz AH, Ustun ME. Could Resistant Urinary Incontinence Be Related to Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency? Our Initial Case Experiences. 31st National Urology Congress. October 27-30, 2022, Cyprus." • "Surme MB, Akgün B, Isci M, Baloglu M, Millet H. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Surgical Approaches to Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy on Cervical Spinal Canal Diameter and T2 Signal Intensity. 35th Scientific Congress of the Turkish Neurosurgery Congress. November 24 – 27, 2022, Antalya. • Surme MB, Cosar A, Daltaban IS, Ustun ME. Efficacy of a New Surgical Technique for Carotid Artery * "Surme MB, Arikan E, Baloglu M, Millet H, Ercan S. Analysis of Clinical and Radiological Findings in Cases November 24 – 27, 2022, Antalya. • "Surme MB, Cosar A, Ustun ME. Can Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency Cause Parkinson-like Symptoms? 35th Scientific Congress of the Turkish Neurosurgery Congress. November 24 – 27, 2022, Antalya. Diagnosed with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hematoma. 35th Scientific Congress of the Turkish Neurosurgery Congress. Dolichoarteriopathies in Patients with Moderate Hemiparesis due to Cerebrovascular Ischemic Attacks. 35th Scientific Congress of the Turkish Neurosurgery Congress. November 24 – 27, 2022, Antalya." • "Baloglu M, Millet H, Ercan S, Surme MB, Yayla E. The Effect of MCI-186 on Lipid Peroxidation in Rats with Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. 35th Scientific Congress of the Turkish Neurosurgery Congress. November 24 – 27, 2022, Antalya." * "Surme MB, Ustun ME. Can Quantitative ElectroCorticoGraphy (ECoG) Be More Valuable Than Non -Quantitative ECoG? A Preliminary Report. Bridging Neurosciences and Neurosurgery: New Frontiers in Intraoperative Neurophysiology. February 2 – 4, 2023, Verona, Italy

2002-2007 Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Department of Brain and Nerve Surgery

1988-1995 Trakya University Faculty of Medicine

2015- Atlas University Medicine Hospital

2014-2015 Private Pendik Yüzyıl Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2009-2014 Medicine Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2009-2009 Nisa Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2007-2009 Mardin State Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2002-2007 Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Brain and Neurosurgery

1997-2001 Enez Health Center and Enez State Hospital

Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Disc Surgery (endoscopic/microsurgery)

Far lateral (non-canal) lumbar disc surgery (lateral microsurgical approach)

Neurovascular surgery

Cerebrovascular diseases (vascular diseases of the brain)

Aneurysms

Arteriovenous malformations

Cavernomas

Neuro-oncological surgery

Brain tumors

Glial tumors

Meningiomas

Pituitary gland tumors

Metastatic brain tumors

Skull base tumors

Pontocerebellar angle tumors

Pineal tumors

Intraventricular tumors

Spinal disease surgery

Cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine fractures

Spine and spinal cord tumors

Scoliosis

Degenerative spine diseases

Peripheral nerve disease surgery

Peripheral nerve tumors

Entrapment neuropathies

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Ulnar groove syndrome

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Functional neurosurgery and pain surgery

Trigeminal neuralgia

Microvascular decompression

Epilepsy surgery

Spasticity surgery

Epiduroscopic interventions

Hydrocephalus surgeries

Endoscopic 3rd ventriculostomy

VP shunt surgeries

LP shunt surgeries

Developmental anomalies

Meningomyelocele

Tethered cord syndrome

Arachnoid cyst

Craniosynostosis surgeries

Chiari malformation

Head trauma

Subdural hematomas

Intracerebral hematomas

Article published in internationally refereed journals

Cansever T, Civelek E, Sencer A, Karasu A, Kiris T, Hepgül K, Can H, Canbolat A: Spinal cavernous malformations: a report of 5 cases. Surg Neurol Jun 69 

Effects of combined and individual use of N-methyl-D aspartate receptor antagonist magnesium sulphate and caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEDH-fmk experimental spinal cord injury. A.Sencer, A.Aydoseli, Y.Aras, M.Osman Akçakaya, C.Gömleksiz, H.Can, A.Canbolat. Turkısh Joumal of Trauma&Emergency Surgery 2013

Aydoseli A, Can H, Aras Y, Sabanci PA, Akcakaya MO, Unal OF. Memantine and Q-VD-OPh Treatments in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: Combined Inhibition of Necrosis and Apoptosis. Turk Neurosurg. 2016

Can H, Kircelli A, Kavadar G, Civelek E, Cansever T, Aydoseli A, Onal MB, Yilmaz C. Lumbosacral Conjoined Root Anomaly: Anatomical Considerations of Exiting Angles and Root Thickness. Turk Neurosurg. 2017

Kırcelli A, Özel Ö, Can H, Sarı R, Cansever T, Elmacı İ. Is the presence of linear fracture a predictor of delayed posterior fossa epidural hematoma? Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2016 Jul

Kavadar G, Demircioğlu DT, Can H, Emre TY, Civelek E, Senyigit A. The clinical factors associated with benefit finding of complementary medicine use in patients with back pain: A cross-sectional study with cluster analysis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2017

Ozer AF, Suzer T, Can H, Falsafi M, Aydin M, Sasani M, Oktenoglu T. Anatomic Assessment of Variations in Kambin’s Triangle: A Surgical and Cadaver Study. World Neurosurg. 2017 Apr

Can H, Aydoseli A, Gömleksiz C, Göker B, Altunrende ME, Dolgun M, Sencer A. Combined and individual use of pancaspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh and NMDA receptor antagonist riluzole in experimental spinal cord injury. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2017

Gomleksiz C, Erbulut DU, Can H, Kodigudla MK, Kelkar AV, Kasapoglu E, Ozer AF, Goel VK. A new lumbar fixation device alternative to pedicle-based stabilization for lumbar spine: In vitro cadaver investigation. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018 Jul 16:1-8.

Aydoseli A, Özgen U, Akgül T, Orhan EK, Adıyaman AE, Can H, Karadağ C. Subacute Traumatic Ascending Myelopathy in a 28-year-old man: A rare case. World Neurosurg. 2019 Apr 28

Article published in national refereed journals

1) Intracranial Hemangioblastomas: Clinical Evaluation of 32 Patients T. Cansever, A. Karasu, K. Hepgül, H. Can, A. Sencer Turkish Neurosurgical Journal 2007, Volume:17 

2) Halil Can, Müge Dolgun, Utku Özgen, Cengiz Gömleksiz, Furkan Diren, Aydın Aydoseli, Yavuz Aras, Altay Sencer. Microsurgical Results in Vestibular Schwannoma Patients; Retrospective Clinical Study. JAREM 2019

3) Furkan Diren , Özcan Gayretli , Halil Can , İlke Ali Gürses , Orhan Barlas. Examination of Pons-Cerebellum Cisterna Anatomy with Endoscopic Retrosigmoid Suboccipital Approach: Cadaver Study. JAREM 2019

Education and Career

2011 – 2015, (Internal Medicine Specialist) Istanbul University Istanbul School of Education and Career

Medicine Department of Internal Medicine

2015 – 2016, (Internal Medicine) Specialist Istanbul Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital

2016 – 2019, (Medical Oncology) Istanbul University Istanbul School of Medicine Department of Medical Oncology

2019 – 2021, (Medical Oncology Specialist) - Istanbul Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital

2021 – 2024, (Associate Professor) Marmara University School of Medicine Department of Medical Oncology

Memberships in Scientific Organizations

ASCO

ESMO

TTOD 

AVOD 

Publications

In the field of oncology, he has published over 30 peer-reviewed articles at both international and national levels.

Awards Received

EAACI The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2019 Best Poster Award

"The top 3rd verbal presentation, IGICC (11th International Gastrointestinal Cancers Conference – IGICC2021)"

Speeches Delivered at National Congresses, Conferences, and Symposia:

Courses, Meetings, and Certificates

ESMO certified Medical Oncologist since 2019

Education and Expertise

GATA Military Medical Faculty

GATA Haydarpaşa Training Hospital Neurosurgery Clinic (Specialization)

Beykent University Hospital and Health Institutions Management (Master's)

Experience

GATA Military Medical Faculty Trainee Doctor (6 months)

Samsun Sahara Medical School Comm. (3 months)

Naval Command War Squadron TCG Diligence Medical Officer (2 years)

Dz.K.K. Submarine Battery Factory Infirmary Doctor (3 months)

Naval Forces Command Infirmary Doctor (3 months)

GATA Haydarpaşa Training Hospital Chief Assistant (12 years)

Kasımpaşa Marine Hospital Neurosurgery Clinic Chief (5 years)

Bahçelievler Medical Park Hospital Neurosurgery Specialist (11 years)

Altınbaş University Faculty of Medicine Neurosurgery Lecturer. Member (4 years)

Altınbaş University Faculty of Medicine Head of Neurosurgery Department. (3 years)

Basic and Advanced Cardiac life support courses (BASIC)

Basic and Advanced Cardiac life support courses (ADVANCED)

GATA Military Medical Faculty. Microsurgery Training Course

Istanbul Vatan Hospital Hand surgery microsurgery course

Neuroanatomy course

Spine Surgery course

Professional Memberships

Turkish Neurosurgery Association

Spine Society of Europe

Turkish Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Group

He was born in Niğde which is the city middle part of Anatolia. He studied high school in Adana. He graduated from Ankara University Medical School of Medicine. He started his career at Bakırköy Neurological Sciences Hospital in Zeki Oral MD.’s Clinic in 1987 and finished his Neurosurgery residency in 1993. During this period, he completed his micro neurosurgery education, which was a breakthrough for him, at Zurich University “Professor M. Gazi Yaşargil’s Clinic”.

Between 1993-2003, he worked as a teaching assistant and then as an assistant professor at the Professor Necmettin Pamir’s Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University. At the same time, he obtained clinical and surgical gains in the field of neurooncology and vascular neurosurgery at Professor Donlin M. Long and Daniele Rigamonti's Clinic at Johns Hopkins University, USA. In 2003, he received the title of Associate Professor of Neurosurgery.

Between 2004-2010, he worked as Chief of Clinic in Göztepe Training and Research Hospital of Ministry of Health. During this period, he led his clinic to become the only accredited clinic by EANS (The European Association of Neurosurgical Societies) in Turkey, with its educational and care services. During this period, he completed his endoscopic skull base training starting at the University of Pittsburgh.

In 2010, he started to work for Acıbadem University Faculty of Medicine and became a Professor of Neurosurgery. He established the Neurosurgery Department in Medipol University Faculty of Medicine on 2012. He served as a Head of Neurosurgery Department in Memorial Health Group Istanbul Hospitals between 2014-2018. He served Neurosurgery Department of Maslak Hospital of Acıbadem Health Group with his team between 2018- September 2021.

Since 01.10.2021, He have started to work with his team at my private clinic located in Fulya and Ulus Hospital of Liv Health Group.

He served as the founding chairman of ”Skull Base Society” in Turkey. He is also a member of the Executive Committee of the European Skull Base Society (ESBS).

There are more than 110 scientific papers which he hs published in international refereed journals (SCI/SCIEx) and in national refereed journals and 18 scientific articles. He Has more than 250 scientific congress presentations, published books and chapters in books.

Education:

Medical Faculty, Trakya University,  

Edirne, Turkey (1994-2000)

Professional Experience:

General Practitioner and Emergency Physician

Bartın (2000-2004)

Specialization:  

Department of Neurosurgery, S.B. Göztepe Training and Research Hospital,  

Istanbul (2004-2010)

Participation in the Accreditation Process by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) during  

Specialization (2004-2010)

Completion of Compulsory Service as Specialist Physician

Tokat State Hospital, Tokat (2010-2012)

Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery

Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat (2012-2014)

Contribution to the Establishment of the Department of Neurosurgery at Medipol University  

(2012-2014)

Lecturer

Medipol University, Istanbul (2012-2014)

Specialist Physician

Memorial Istanbul Hospitals, Istanbul (2014-2018)

Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences

Eurasia University, Istanbul (2014-2021)

Associate Professor in the field of Neurosurgery (2021- )

Specialist Physician

Acıbadem Maslak Hospital, Istanbul (2018-2021)

Specialist Physician

Liv Hospital Ulus, Istanbul (2021-2023)

2023 –

Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul

Skills and Achievements:

Obtained Associate Professorship in the field of Neurosurgery (2021)

Experience in Academic Teaching and Management (2012-2021)

Proficiency in Turkish (Native) and English (Advanced)

Certificates

1. The Course of Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, 1990, Oulu, Finland.

2. European Course participation that holds by EANS for 5 years cycle (Amsterdam/1988, Rostock/1989, Çeşme/1994, Klagenfurt/1995, Aalborg/1996).

3. "Primary Examination" for European Board was passed in Klagenfurt,1995, Austria.

4."Advanced Training on Functional Disorders with Leksell Gamma Knife", 2004, Marseille, France.

5. "Advanced Training on Vestibular Schwannomas and Skull Base Surgery wiyh Leksell Gamma Knife", 2004, Marseille, France.

6. The certificate for "DISC Nucleoplasty in Cervical and Lumbar Disc Diseases", 2004, Freiburg, Germany.

7. "Neuropathfinder" Train - the - Trainer Meeting, 2009, Wien, Austria.

8. " Neuropathfinder" Train - the - Trainer Meeting, 2011, Athens, Greece.

9. The certificate for "Full- Endoscopic Spine Surgery", 2011, Herne, Germany.

Specialization: Neurospinal Cord and Nerve Surgery

Foreign Language : English

Date of Birth: 03.02.1974

Education :

Gazi University Faculty of Medicine (1991-1997)
Fırat University Neurosurgery Specialization (1999-2004)

Experience:

Private Adatip Hospital (2004-2013)
Private Cihan Hospital (2013-2015)
Private Adatip Hospital (2015-...)

Memberships:

Sakarya Medical Chamber
Turkish Neurosurgery Association

Nichakorn Seehirunwong, M.D.

Radiologist

Graduated (M.D. From)

Doctor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University

• Interpreting the results of medical imaging tests.
• Comparing medical image findings with other examinations and tests.
• Consulting with your referring healthcare provider (the provider who ordered the imaging tests) to help choose the proper imaging test and using test results to inform your medical care. Writing reports of results and diagnoses.
• Recommending additional examinations or treatments when necessary.
• Treating diseases by using radiation (radiation oncology) or imaging-guided procedures (interventional radiology). Performing or directing radiology staff to carry out imaging tests.

Certificates

Certificate of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University

Current Positions

Diagnostic Radiologist at Intrarat Hospital

Trustworthy, attentive, successful neurosurgeon with over 34 years of experience, high rate of success and exceptional surgical skills, providing quality neurological service for patients, successfully treating over thousands of patients suffering from many severe, complex conditions of the brain, spine and the nerves. 

Experienced in performing treatment modalities like micro neurosurgery, endoscopic skull base surgery, endoscopic third ventriculostomy, minimally invasive spine surgery and percutaneous spine surgery. Keen on performing clinical research and attending national and international medical conferences to stay abreast of new technologies in the field. Compassionate and detail-oriented with excellent communication skills. Expertise in healthcare, education and program management. Adept at developing and implementing forward-thinking strategies to enhance patient outcomes and collective knowledge in the field. Desiring to bring skills and success. Focused on working closely with other medical professionals and following up with patients. Well-versed at emergency procedures and fast and accurate sanitation.

Work History

2020-01 – Current - Asst. Prof. Neurosurgeon

Istanbul Medipol University, Health Care Practice and Research Center Pendik Hospital

• He successfully treated and followed patients with cerebral hemorrhage, brain and spinal cord tumors, and patients with hydrocephalus.

• He performed transnasal pituitary surgeries with success.

• Also, many cervical lumbar and thoracic disc patients were successfully treated, and disc prosthesis were applied to some of them.

• He re-operated a degenerative spine patient who had been operated on before at another center and the patient regained his health.

• He also successfully treated patients with premature neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage.

2019-08 – 2020-01 - Neurosurgeon

Freelancer, Istanbul, Turkey

• Operated on patients' brains, spines and peripheral nerves to correct deformities, repair injuries, prevent and treat diseases and improve patients' motor functions. Performed successful operations for complex, advanced and complicated disease of the brain and spine some of which were operated unsuccessfully at other medical centers by different neurosurgeons.

• Offered advanced knowledge, leadership abilities and technical assistance with complex surgical cases.

• Maintained admitting privileges at local hospitals and provided quality follow-up care.

• Educated patients on recovery methods and times.

• Designed treatment plans for patients.

• Thoroughly assessed patients to identify medical condition and level of surgical risk.

• Founded a spinal surgery group with orthopedic surgeons and treated very advanced and severe vertebra deformities, spine abnormalities, scoliosis.

2018-12 - 2019-08 - Neurosurgeon

Alkafeel Super Speciality Hospital, Karbala, Iraq

• Conducted up to 5 operations per month to correct deformities in neurological and spinal systems, repair traumas, and treat diseases of different areas. Performed successful operations (success rate 100 percent : 90-95) for severe, complex and advanced diseases of the brain, spine and nerves in adults and children. (Cerebral intrinsic and extrinsic tumor surgery, posterior fossa surgery, spontaneous and traumatic intracranial hematomas, Interhemispheric 3th ventricle and lateral ventricle surgery, pontocerebellar angle tumor surgery, spinal instrumentation and fusion surgery, microdiscectomy cervical, thoracic, lumbar, pediatric cranial and spine anomaly surgery). Followed the patients postoperatively.

• Educated patients on recovery methods and times.

• Thoroughly assessed patients to identify medical condition and level of surgical risk.

• Performed emergency surgeries.

• Examined 900 patients in total in the outpatient clinic and gave medical treatments to them when necessary.

2015-10 - 2018-11 - Neurosurgeon

Medistate Kavacık Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

• Operated on patients' brains, spines and peripheral nerves to correct deformities, repair injuries, prevent and treat different advanced, complex severe diseases and improve patients' motor functions.

• Conducted up to operations per month to correct deformities in neurological and spinal systems, repair traumas, restore partial or full functionality and prevent and treat diseases of different areas. 

• Performed successful operations (success rate percent : 95) for severe, complex and advanced diseases of the brain , spine and nerves in adults and children.(Brain tumor, arachnoid cyst, intracerebral hematoma, spinal stenosis, hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele).Followed the patients postoperatively. 

• Educated patients on recovery methods and times Thoroughly assessed patients to identify medical condition and level of surgical risk.

• Performed emergency surgeries (intracerebral hematoma, intracerebral abscess).

• Examined 850 patients in total in the outpatient clinic and gave medical treatment to them when necessary.

1994-03 - 2015-09 - Neurosurgeon

Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

• Supervised trainees, medical students, residents and fellows to help each achieve proficiency in field.

• Conducted up to 20 operations per month to correct deformities in neurological and spinal systems, repair traumas, restore partial or full functionality and prevent and treat diseases of different areas. Performed successful operations (success rate: %90) for severe, complex and advanced diseases of the brain, spine and nerves in adults and children. (Skull base surgery, extended trans base approach, orbit zygomatic approach, presigmoid approach, orbital approaches, transcranial and lateral orbitotomy, Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, CSF leakage surgery, endoscopic, microscopic and transsphenoidal, transcranial. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and surgery of multiloculated hydrocephalus and pediatric neurosurgery. Cerebral intrinsic and extrinsic tumor surgery, posterior fossa surgery. Brain aneurysm, AVM and cavernoma surgery.

• Spontaneous and traumatic intracranial hematomas. Hemifacial spasm and trigeminal neuralgia surgery (microsurgical decompression) Interhemispheric 3th ventricle and lateral ventricle surgery. Pineal area surgery. Pontocerebellar angle tumor surgery.

• Foreman magnum tumors surgery. Surgery of hydrocephaly, Syringomyelia and craniovertebral animalia).Followed the patients postoperatively.

• Educated patients on recovery methods and times Thoroughly assessed patients to identify medical condition and level of surgical risk.

• Performed emergency surgeries (Epidural, subdural and intracerebral hematoma, vertebra fracture).

• Examined 500-700 patients per day in the outpatient clinic and gave medical treatment to them when necessary. Examined patients in the emergency service.

• Designed treatment plans for patients.

• Offered advanced knowledge, leadership abilities and technical assistance with complex surgical cases.

• Led and oversaw 15 medical personnel in operating room setting to perform surgeries.

• Led and oversaw medical personnel in operating room setting to perform surgeries.

Education

1982-09 - 1988-08

M.D.: Medicine And (Pre-Medicine)

Ankara University Medical School - Ankara

General Medicine Training for 6 years. Graduated with a high GPA.

1988-11 - 1994-05

Specialist Neurosurgery: Neuroscience

University of Health Sciences - Ankara

6 years of neurosurgery training.

• My thesis was on brain abscess and their clinical and laboratory evaluations

1995-05 - 1995-07

Neuroscience

The Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry.

Ankara

I attended the course for microsurgery at University of Hacettepe Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry.

1998-04 - 2019-05

Observer Doctor: Neuroscience

Department of Neurosurgery, MSU - Ann Arbour, 

Michigan USA

2012-05 - 2012-05

Neuro endoscopy: Neuroscience

Ghent University - Ghent, Belgium

International endoscopic neurosurgery workshop, 

Ghent, Belgium

I attended the workshop for endoscopic skull base operations the and Neuro endoscopic third ventriculostomy at University of Ghent Hospital

Skills

Micro neurosurgery - Excellent

Neuro endoscopy - Excellent

Cranial base endoscopy - Excellent

Minimal invasive surgery - Excellent

Percutaneous spinal surgery - Excellent

Neuronavigation – Excellent

Certifications

1995-04 Microsurgery

2012-05 Endoscopy

Languages

Turkish - Native

English - Advanced

Arabic - Novice

Affiliations

Turkish Neurosurgical Society

Turkish Medical Association

Accomplishments

• Trained team of staff nurses in medical office procedures to ensure consistent quality of care.

• Published 17 articles in national and international reviews and presented papers in medical congresses.

Interests and operations I perform

Vascular diseases of brain

Endoscopic hypophysis surgery

Tumors of brain, spine and medulla spinalis surgery

Endoscopic brain ventricle surgery

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy 

Traumas of brain and spine

Cervical, thoracic and lumbar disc hernias and narrow 

canal disease surgery

Spine instrumentation and fusion surgery

Baclofen pump and neurostimulators insertions

Hydrocephalus surgery

Congenital diseases of the brain and spine (pediatric 

neurosurgery)

Peripheral nerve surgery

Dr. Antonello Ceddia specializes in Neurosurgery.

He graduated in Medicine and Surgery at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart of Rome where, in 1989, he also obtained a specialization in Neurosurgery. After specialization he is a researcher at the Institute of Neurosurgery of the La Sapienza University of Rome and the Institute of Neurosurgery of the Catholic University.

He deals in particular with the treatment of brain tumors and trigeminal neuralgia.

His training, mainly oriented towards Pediatric Neurosurgery and Neuro-Orthopaedics, was completed with attendance at important centers and clinics in the United States and Germany, and with participation in experimental programs and international courses.

After having worked as a Neurosurgeon Assistant in the Neurosurgery Division of the Casa Sollievo Sofferenza Hospital in San Giovanni Rotondo, since 2005 he has held the position of Head of the Neurosurgery Unit in Bari.

Work Address: Biruni University Hospital, Department Of Neurological Surgery, Istanbul 

Education And Training

Undergraduate: 1997 - 2001 Halkali High School, Istanbul, Turkey 

Graduate:   2001 - 2007 Mersin University, School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey 

Postgraduate: 2009 – 2014 Bakırköy Research And Training Hospital For Psychiatric And Neurological Disease, Department Of Neurological Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey 

Observer: June-December 2017 University of Wisconsin- Department of Neurological Surgery, Madison, USA

June-August 2020 Acıbadem University- Spine Center, İstanbul, Turkey

 Professional Interest: Cranial Surgery, Functional neurosurgery (used to treat movement disorders), Spine Surgery 

Licensure And Certification 

 2007 June: Doctor of Medicine, Turkish Ministry of Health 

 2014 July: Neurosurgeon, Turkish Ministry of Health

Employment

2014– 2021 Neurosurgeon - Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Research And Training Hospital

2021- Neurosurgeon- Biruni University Hospital, Department of Neurological Surgery

Training Courses / Workshops / Meetings / Symposiums 

(In Chronological Order)

Has Participated in 18 National and International Courses, Scientific Meetings (Certified) in Neurosurgery And Spinal Surgery. 

• Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease Symposium, 8-11 October 2009 Nevşehir/Turkey
• 24th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting, 14-18 May 2010  Antalya / Turkey
• Turkish Neurosurgical Society: Spine And Peripheral Nerve Surgery Education And Training Group: Basic Education Program, 3-6 July 2011 Sapanca / Turkey
• 27th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting, 12-16 Apr 2013  Antalya / Turkey
• Turkish Neurosurgical Society: Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery: Hands-On Cadaver Course 15-16 November 2013 Istanbul/Turkey
• Turkish Neurosurgical Society: Neurooncology And Neurovascular Surgery Education And Training Group: Unified Symposium. 28-29 December 2013 Istanbul/Turkey
• Turkish Neurosurgical Society: Spine And Peripheral Nerve Surgery Education And Training Group: Lumbar Minimally Invasive Surgery Course. 7 Feb 2014 Istanbul / Turkey
• 28th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 4-8 April 2014    Antalya / Turkey
• Medtronic Midas Rex Workshop: Cadaver Course 23 May 2014 Istanbul / Turkey
• Turkish Neurosurgical Society: Spine And Peripheral Nerve Surgery Education And Training Group, 26-29 June 2014 Gaziantep/Turkey
• ISMISS Turkey 2015 Congress, 6-8 November 2015, Istanbul/ Turkey
• Endoscopic Lumbar Surgery Comprehensive Cadaveric Course, 16-17 April 2016, Istanbul/Turkey
• 84th AANS Annual Scientific Meeting, 30 April - 4 May 2016 Chicago/Illinois
• Istanbul Microneurosurgery Course, 26-29 January 2017,  Istanbul/ Turkey
• Microvascular Surgery Course, December 2017, Madison/Wisconsin
• 32th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 20-24 April 2018    Antalya / Turkey
• 33th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 11-14 April 2019    Antalya / Turkey
• 2019 Turkish Spine Society Eurospine Advance Diploma Course
•  

Published Article

• Yakar, F., Zaimoglu, M., Dogan, I., Bakirarar, B., Eroglu, U., Kircil, C., Ucer, M., & Guner, E. (2018). Is A Unilateral Surgical Approach Effective In Patients With Bilateral Leg Pain With Unilateral Lumbar Disk Herniation? A Prospective Nonrandomized Clinical And Surgical Study. World Neurosurgery.
• Onen, M. R., Moore, K., Cikla, U., Ucer, M., Schmidt, B., Field, A. S., & Baskaya, M. K. (2018). Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration: Neurosurgical Perspective And Literature Review. World Neurosurgery, 112, E763-E771.
• Dogan, I., Ucer, M., & Başkaya, M. K. (2018). Gross Total Resection Of Chordoid Glioma Of The Third Ventricle Via Anterior Interhemispheric Transcallosal Transforaminal Approach At Two Stages. Journal Of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 79(S 03), S281-S282.
• Dogan, I., Ucer, M., & Başkaya, M. K. (2018). Microsurgical Resection Of Tuberculum Sellae Meningioma Via Pterional Craniotomy With Extradural Anterior Clinoidectomy And Optic Unroofing. Journal Of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 79(S 02), S218-S218.
• Sayyahmelli, S., Kina, H., Ucer, M., Salamat, M. S., & Baskaya, M. K. (2018). Frontal Lobe Intracerebral Schwannoma Mimicking Metastatic Lesion In A Patient With Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Journal Of Surgical Case Reports.
• ÜCER, Melih, Et Al. Surgical Outcomes Of Decompressive Laminectomy By Transspinous Approach For Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2018, 68.1618.
• Ozaydin, B., Ucer, M., Cikla, U., & Pyle, G. M. (2019). Translabyrinthine Approach To Vestibular Schwannomas. In Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery (Pp. 135-150). Springer, Cham.
• Hanalioglu, S., Sahin, B., Sahin, O. S., Kozan, A., Ucer, M., Cikla, U., ... & Baskaya, M. K. (2019). Effect Of Perioperative Aspirin Use On Hemorrhagic Complications In Elective Craniotomy For Brain Tumors: Results Of A Single-Center, Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal Of Neurosurgery, 1(Aop), 1-10.
• Neurosurgical Analysis Of Logging Accidents: An Observational Study, AE Taçyıldız, C Akıncı, TM Güler, H Demirkol, M Üçer, B Çekmen, Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery 25, 101167
• Dentate Nucleus: Connectivity-Based Anatomic Parcellation Based On Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Projections, AE Tacyildiz, B Bilgin, A Gungor, M Ucer, A Karadag, N Tanriover, World Neurosurgery 152, E408-E428
• Observational Case Analysis Of Neonates With Large Cephalohematoma, M Üçer, AE Taçyıldız, I Aydın, NA Kayran, S Işık, Cureus 13 (4)
• Effıcıency Of Sılver-Coated Tıtanıum Alloy Screws In The Preventıon Of Implant-Assocıated Infectıons, NA Kayran, M Üçer, AE Ofluoğlu, The Journal Of Turkish Spinal Surgery 32 (2), 84
• Minimally Invasive Approach Toward Percutaneous Direct Pars Repair: An Observational Study, M Üçer, World Neurosurgery 146, E1301-E1306
• The Effect Of Tenosynovectomy On Patient ID Outcome İn Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Surgery, AL AYDIN, M ÜÇER, İstanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Tıp Dergisi 13 (1), 36-41
• Endoscopic Untethering Of Tight Filum Terminale: An Operative Technique, O Okay, A Dalgic, AE Yildirim, M Ucer, O Uckun, S Baydin, MK Coban,Turk Neurosurg 31 (1), 73-75
• Comparison Of Two Minimally İnvasive Techniques With Endoscopy And Microscopy For Extraforaminal Disc Herniations, AL Aydın, M Sasani, H Sasani, M Üçer, M Hekimoğlu, T Öktenoğlu, World Neurosurgery 144, E612-E621
• “Suspended Duraplasty”: A Technique For Type 1 Chiari Malformation Resistant To İnitial Surgical Therapy M Ucer, A Akbaş, MŞ Ekşi, B Erkan, BT Demirgil, A Güngör, Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery 21, 100703

Published Abstracts And Presentations In International Scientific Meetings 

(In Chronological Order)

• Metastatic prostate carcinoma to the intramural extramedullary spinal compa rtment: a case report, Melih Üçer, Ilhan Aydın, Sarper Polat, Erhan Emel, WFNS Seoul, Korea, 8-12 September 2013
• Radiation-Induced Cerebellopontine Angle (CPA) Meningioma: Case Report, Hasan Burak Gündüz, Anas Abdallah, Fatih Cesur, Erhan Emel, Betül Güler, Akın Öztürk, Melih Üçer, 10th Asian Congress of Neurological Surgeons Astana - Kazakhstan / 9 - 12 September 2014
• Mid-term Surgical Treatment Outcomes Of Intracranial Epidermoid: Experience of 15 Patients, Anas Abdallah, Erhan Emel, Akın Öztürk, Mustafa Levent Uysal, Melih Üçer, Murad Asiltürk,10th Asian Congress of Neurological Surgeons Astana - Kazakhstan / 9 - 12 September 2014
• Congenital Thecal Sac Defect Terminated In The Skin At L2-3: Case Report, Anas Abdallah, Akın Gökçedağ, Erhan Emel, Melih Üçer, 10th Asian Congress of Neurological Surgeons Astana - Kazakhstan / 9 - 12 September 2014
• Intradural Extramedullary Paraganglioma At S1 Level : Case Report, Anas Abdallah1, Erhan Emel, Özden Erhan Sofuoğlu, Melih Üçer, Akın Öztürk, 10th Asian Congress of Neurological Surgeons Astana - Kazakhstan / 9 - 12 September 2014
• A Case of Intracranial Hypotension Complicated with Hydrocephalus, Melih Üçer, Ilhan Aydın, Sarper Polat, Abdullah Emre Taçyıldız, 10th Asian Congress of Neurological Surgeons Astana - Kazakhstan / 9 - 12 September 2014

Published Abstracts And Presentations In National Scientific Meetings 

(In Chronological Order)

• Eosinophilic granuloma, case report; Baran Bozkurt, Melih Üçer, Levent Uysal, Oral Presentation. 26th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 12-16 April 2012 Antalya / Turkey.
• Guyon’s Canal Syndrome Due to Tortuous Ulnar Artery: A Case Report, Melih Üçer, Ilhan Aydın, Sarper Polat, Abdullah Emre Taçyıldız,  28th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 4-8 April 2014   Antalya / Turkey
• Cerebellar hemorrhage after resection of frontal meningioma.Case report, Melih Üçer, Ilhan Aydın, Sarper Polat, Abdullah Emre Taçyıldız, 28th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 4-8 April 2014   Antalya / Turkey
• Intracranial Migration of Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt Catheter, Melih Üçer, Ilhan Aydın, Sarper Polat, Abdullah Emre Taçyıldız, 28th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 4-8 April 2014   Antalya / Turkey
• Migration of Abdominal Catheter of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt into the Scrotum, Melih Üçer, Sarper Polat, Ilhan Aydın, Abdullah Emre Taçyıldız, 28th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 4-8 April 2014   Antalya / Turkey
• Armoured brain: a case of bilateral calcified chronic subdural haematoma complicating infantile hydrocephalus, Melih Üçer, Ilhan Aydın, Sarper Polat, Abdullah Emre Taçyıldız, 28th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 4-8 April 2014   Antalya / Turkey
• Long term results of the patients with lumbar stenosis who were opereted on by transspinos method, Oral presentation, Melih Üçer, Erhan Emel, Müslüm Güneş, 28th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 4-8 April 2014   Antalya / Turkey
• Posterior comminican artery aneurysm relation with the tentorium, Oral presentation, İlhan Aydin, Oğuz Baran, Melih Uçer, Barış Küçükyürük, Necmettin Tanrıöver, 29th Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 17-21 April 2015    Antalya / Turkey
• Anterior commissure and classification: neuroanatomical studies, Oral presentation, Serhat Şevki Baydın, Abuzer Gungor, Necmettin Tanrıover,  Melih Ucer, Oğuz Baran, Erhan Emel, Albert Rhoton Turkish Neurosurgical Society Annual Scientific Meeting. 8-12 April 2016  Antalya / Turkey

   Computer  Skills

• Microsoft Word, Excel, Powerpoint
• Adobe Photoshop
• SPSS statistical software

الدكتور راج هو طبيب أورام جراحي ذو خبرة عالية ولديه 19 عامًا من الخبرة وأكثر من 50000 عملية جراحية للسرطان. يشارك في العديد من التجارب السريرية وله العديد من المنشورات الدولية والوطنية لحسابه. وهو متخصص في جراحة أورام الثدي والصدر ويعمل كأستاذ في DNB للتخصصات الفائقة في جراحة الأورام وجراحة الثدي في جامعة ماهاراشترا للعلوم الصحية. إيمانه هو "إضافة الحياة إلى سنوات" وتحسين نوعية الحياة ، وليس فقط إضافة سنوات إلى الحياة.

Prof. Dr. Gülşah Bademci is a physician specialized in the field of brain, nerve, spine, and spinal cord surgery. She graduated as the fourth-ranked student from Ankara University Faculty of Medicine in 1993. She obtained her title as a brain and nerve surgeon from the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine Department of Brain and Nerve Surgery in 2001. In 2008, she became an associate professor at the Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, and in 2021, she became a professor at the Yüksek İhtisas University Faculty of Medicine. She has contributed to numerous international publications, serving as a research and clinical fellow at the University of Arkansas Medical Sciences with Prof. Dr. M. Gazi Yaşargil, and as a research fellow at Yale University School of Medicine. She holds ECFMG America Board Step 1 and EANS European Board certificates. She speaks advanced-level English and has awards in tennis and swimming. She also pursues professional-level caricature art and medical illustration. In her 30-year career, she has performed numerous surgeries as a brain and nerve surgery specialist, particularly in spinal canal stenosis surgery, lumbar and cervical disc herniations, brain tumors, hydrocephalus surgery, and nerve compressions.