منصة السياحة الطبية رقم 1 منذ عام 2014

أفضل زراعة أطقم الأسنان الهجينة All-on-2 أطباء الأسنان - توب -76 أطباء

author
يلبي المحتوى سياسة التحرير Bookimed ويتم مراجعتها طبياً من قبل
فهد مولود - طبيب عام. حاصل على 4 جوائز علمية. خدم في غرب آسيا. رئيس الفريق الطبي الناطق بالعربية سابقا ومسؤول عن معالجة البيانات ودقة المحتوى الطبي حاليا.
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Goksel Kalyaz
دكتوراسنان
4سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
4.6
26 تقييمات
تركيا, أنطاليا
SoracaMed Clinic

Goksel Kalyaz

دكتوراسنان
4سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
الدكتور جوكسيل كالياز هو طبيب أسنان معتمد بدرجة عالية ومرتبط بالعديد من المنظمات المهنية في تركيا.اقرأ المزيد
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Miller Vieira Paula
دكتوراسنان
24سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
3 تقييمات
المكسيك, كانكون
YeahSmile

Miller Vieira Paula

دكتوراسنان
24سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

تتخصص د. ميلر فييرا باولا في عمليات مثل زراعة الأسنان الكل على 4 وزراعة الأسنان الكل على 6 وزراعة الأسنان الكل على 6 وقشرة البورسلين وخلع الأسنان. وهي أستاذة وباحثة متميزة في ميكروبيولوجيا الفم وعلم اللثة، ولديها خلفية بحثية واسعة في التهابات اللثة والتهابات اللبية وميكروبيوم الفم والأمعاء والميكروبيوم الفموي والغشاء الحيوي الرقيق للأسنان.

اقرأ المزيد
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Maryam Fazeli
دكتوراسنان
8سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إزمير
Nifa Dent International

Maryam Fazeli

دكتوراسنان
8سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Prosthetic dental treatment specialist Maryam FAZELI completed her primary, middle, and high school education in Iran. In 2011, she began her dental education as a student at the Faculty of Dentistry at Ege University and successfully graduated in 2016.

In 2018, she completed her specialization education at the Department of Prosthetic Dental Treatment at Izmir Katip Çelebi University with her thesis titled "Radiographic Evaluation of Bone Loss in Implant-Supported Prostheses with Different Crown/Implant Ratios Placed in the Maxillary Posterior Region."

During and after her education, she attended numerous courses, seminars, and congresses. She started working as a prosthesis specialist at Izmirdent Oral and Dental Health Clinic in Izmir, where she focused on "Aesthetic Smile Design" and "Hollywood Smile" applications.

In 2024, she began working as a Prosthesis Specialist at Nifa Dent Oral and Dental Health Clinic. She is fluent in English, Persian, and Azerbaijani.

اقرأ المزيد
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Meral Nizam
دكتوراسنان
21سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إزمير
Nifa Dent International

Meral Nizam

دكتوراسنان
21سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Prosthetic dental treatment specialist Meral Nizam completed her primary, middle, and high school education in Kahramanmaraş. In 1998, she started her education at the Faculty of Dentistry at Ege University and successfully graduated in 2003. In the same year, she graduated and started her doctorate education at the Department of Prosthetic Dental Treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry at Ege University. She completed her education in 2009 with her doctoral thesis titled "Evaluation of the Treatment Effectiveness of Stable Type Occlusal Splints in Classic Temporomandibular Disorders."

Between 2010-2013, she worked as a Prosthetic Dental Treatment (Prosthesis) Specialist at a Dental Health Center affiliated with the Ministry of Health. In 2024, she started working as a prosthesis specialist at Nifa Dent Oral and Dental Health Clinic.

During and after her education, she attended numerous courses, seminars, and congresses. She is interested in all kinds of fixed prostheses, Temporomandibular Joint Disorders, Aesthetic Smile Design, and Implant-Supported Prosthetic Restorations.

She is fluent in English and has an intermediate level of German.

اقرأ المزيد
اختيار الطبيب الأيمن والعيادة الطبية: نصائح الإدراك
عند تحديد الطبيب أو العيادة الطبية، ضع هذه النقاط الرئيسية في الاعتبار:
التحقق من أوراق الاعتماد
التحقق من الشهادات من هيئات مثل ISAPS، JCI، إلخ.
استعراض معدلات النجاح
اختر أطباء لديهم خبرة قوية في علاجك المحدد.
آراء المرضى
مراجعات Bookimed من مرضى حقيقيين لتصفح تجربتهم.
ضمان التواصل
اختيار العيادات التي تقدم الدعم اللغوي للعلاج السلس.
اسأل عن الخدمات
تأكد مما إذا كانوا يوفرون الإقامة والانتقالات، وتحقق من التكاليف.
قد يكون اختيار العيادة في الخارج أمرًا مرهقًا. في Bookimed، حيث ساعدنا أكثر من 800 ألف مريض، نحن نتفهم مخاوفك. نعرف كيفية العثور على الأطباء الموثوقين، وأفضل خيارات الجودة والسعر، وحلول حتى للحالات المعقدة. نحن هنا لإرشادك في كل خطوة على الطريق.
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Yan Matsiivskiy
رئيس فريق المنسق الطبي
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Fahri Doruk
دكتوراسنان
11سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
4.0
3 تقييمات
تركيا, مارماريس
Dent48 Oral and Dental Health Polyclinic

Fahri Doruk

دكتوراسنان
11سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
الدكتور فاهري دوروك هو طبيب أسنان معروف بنهجه الموجه نحو المريض وخبرته في مختلف إجراءات طب الأسنان بما في ذلك زراعة الأسنان الكل على 4 وزراعة الأسنان وقشرة البورسلين وعلاج قناة الجذر. وهو مشهود له بقدرته على إدارة إجراءات طب الأسنان دون التسبب في الألم ومعالجة مخاوف الأسنان بفعالية. وهو خريج كلية طب الأسنان بجامعة إيجي.اقرأ المزيد
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Rouzbeh Fazeli
اخصائي دواعم السن
9سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إزمير
Nifa Dent International

Rouzbeh Fazeli

اخصائي دواعم السن
9سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Periodontology specialist Rouzbeh Fazeli completed his primary, middle, and high school education in Iran. In 2010, he began his dental education as a student at the Faculty of Dentistry at Ege University and successfully graduated in 2015.

In 2016, he began specializing in the Department of Periodontology at Ege University and received his specialist title in 2019.

During and after his education, he attended numerous courses, seminars, and congresses. He started working as a periodontology specialist at Izmirdent Oral and Dental Health Clinic in Izmir, where he focused on minimally invasive implantology.

In 2024, he began working as a Periodontology Specialist at Nifa Dent Oral and Dental Health Clinic. He is fluent in English, Persian, and Azerbaijani.

اقرأ المزيد
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Cigdem Karakus
دكتوراسنان
4سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إزمير
Dent Glow Clinic

Cigdem Karakus

دكتوراسنان
4سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

المريض حاصل على شهادة شرف من كلية طب الأسنان بجامعة Ege ، تم الحصول عليها في عام 2020 وشهادة حضور في زراعة الأسنان الأساسية من Megagen ، تم الحصول عليها في عام 2021.

اقرأ المزيد
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Ismail Sen
جراح الفم والوجه والفكين
19سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
3 تقييمات
تركيا, إسطنبول
ClinicExpert

Ismail Sen

جراح الفم والوجه والفكين
19سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Doç. Dr. Dt. İsmail Sen

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Languages

Turkish
English

Education

Undergraduate Education
1994 - 1999
Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry

Doctoral Education
1994 - 1999
Ondokuz Mayıs University Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Associate Professorship
2013
Ondokuz Mayıs University

Experience

2024 -
ClinicExpert - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

2017 - 2024
Private Sector - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

2009 - 2017
Academic - Ondokuz Mayıs University

2005 - 2009
Samsun Dental Hospital - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Certificates

2012 - Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, Final Authorisation Certification Program
2011 - 3rd ACID International Conference on Implants
2011 - 38th International Congress of the Turkish Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
2010 - Regional Site Infections Symposium
2009 - 5th ACID International Symposium on Implants in Hard and Soft Tissues
2007 - Cell Symposium with International Participation
2007 - Research Course on Stereotaxy, Microsurgery
2005 - International Scientific Congress of the Turkish Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Achievements

First place awarded in the category "Clinical Research" at the ACID International Congress
1st Place Award in International Andrei Azzizi Implant Competition
Published numerous articles in leading scientific journals

اقرأ المزيد
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Pedro Paulino
دكتوراسنان
12سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
جمهورية الدومنيكان, سانتو دومينغو
Paulino Almonte Dental Team

Pedro Paulino

دكتوراسنان
12سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Congresses and/or Conferences Attended

 

2009: Achieving precision, function and aesthetics in oral rehabilitation, UCE, SPM, RD.

2010: Fola Dentistry Congress, Santo Domingo, SPM, RD. Root coverage technique for Cl. I Miller and implant placement in the aesthetic sector, UCE, SPM, RD.

2010: 2nd International Dentistry Conference, Santo Domingo, RD. Complete and removable prosthesis with patients, CSU, SPM, RD.

2012: Protocol for patients with systemic involvement, UCE, SPM, RD. Adhesion in restorative dentistry, functional occlusion and bioesthetic dentistry, UCE, SPM, RD.

2012: Guide to care for periodontal patients, UCE, SPM, RD.

2014: Dental Congress Meeting, New York, United States.

2014-2016: CPO Uninga, Brazil - Implantologist Doctor.

2017: Bichectomy (Crop Reduction) and Lipopapada, Brazil, Dr. Marcos Braite Institute.

2018: Scientific Exchange SIN Implants and Criteria Biomaterials, Brazil, IBOP Institute and SIN Implants Factory.

2021: Universidad Facop, São Paulo, Brazil, Degree Oral Face Harmonizer.

اقرأ المزيد
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Roberto Vargas
دكتوراسنان
8سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
المكسيك, لوس ألجودونيس
Varto Oral Surgery

Roberto Vargas

دكتوراسنان
8سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Welcome to Varto Oral Surgery, where we specialize in affordable and top-quality Oral Surgery and Implants in Los Algodones, México.

Dental Implants 

All on 4

Teeth Cleaning

Fillings

Crowns and Bridges

Dentures

Root Canal Therapy

Teeth Whitening

اقرأ المزيد
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Kaan Kurtdemir
دكتوراسنان
36سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
2 تقييم
تركيا, إسطنبول
Esthetic Smile Academy

Kaan Kurtdemir

دكتوراسنان
36سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
د. كان كورتدمير متخصص في طب الأسنان التجميلي. وهو مزود معترف به لنظام ستراومان® لزراعة الأسنان.اقرأ المزيد
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Serkan Celebi
دكتوراسنان
18سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, مارماريس
Celebi Dental Clinics

Serkan Celebi

دكتوراسنان
18سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Dr Serkan Çelebi was born in Berlin. He obtained his dental degree from Aegean University’s Faculty of Dentistry in 2004.Çelebi Dental Clinics formally known as Dental Marmaris started in 2006 is based over 2 Beautifuly Designed, State of the Art Clinics in the heart of Marmaris, Turkey.

your Treatments and care are made Clearly along with our Native and English Speaking Patient Co-ordinators.your Treatments and care are made Clearly along with our Native and English Speaking Patient Co-ordinators.your Treatments and care are made Clearly along with our Native and English Speaking 

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Do Nhu Chuyen
دكتوراسنان
9سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
فيتنام,
Greenfield Dental Clinic

Do Nhu Chuyen

دكتوراسنان
9سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Education 

Doctor of Dental Surgery, Hanoi Medical University, 

 

Professional Experience: 

7+ years' experience. 

Skill in Implant, Veneers and Teeth Extraction. 

Over 5,000+ successful implant cases. 

اقرأ المزيد
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Dr Dt Alper T
دكتوراسنان
5سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
3 تقييمات
تركيا, إسطنبول
ClinicExpert

Dr Dt Alper T

دكتوراسنان
5سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Dr. Dt. Alper T.
Prosthesis Specialist

Education

  • 2015-2022: Master's Degree in Prosthetic Dentistry, Istanbul University
  • 2006-2011: Undergraduate Education, Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry

Experience

  • 2021-present: Prosthodontist, Clinicexpert
  • 2019-2021: Prosthodontist, Prof. Dr. Osman Gümrü Clinic
  • 2019-2021: Prosthodontist, ParkDental ODHC
  • 2012-2019: Dentist, Silivri Aesthetic ODHC

Dissertations

  • 2021: The Effect of Surface Treatments with Different Laser Types on the Bond Strength of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics with Resin Composite

Certifications

  • 2021: Biohorizons DAY, Dr. Marius Steigmann (Periodontal Tissue Advanced Surgery HandsOn)
  • 2018: Nobel Biocare Turkey Symposium Applications
  • 2018: Soft Tissue Management by Marius Steigmann, Frankfurt - Germany
  • 2017: Turkish Society of Oral Implant. XXXIX Sinus Lifting
  • 2017: Turkish Society of Oral Implantology XXXIX. International Scientific Congress
  • 2017: Advanced Training for i50FH/ i51FH Implant System and its Surgical System (Seul-Kore)
  • 2016: Turkish Society of Oral Implantology Congress. Prosthodontics and Implantology Logic
  • 2017: Gum BioHorizons International Symposium on Implantology and Surgery
  • 2017: IBS Advanced Surgery Symposium
  • 2017: Digital Transformation in 3D Dentistry
  • 2016: Nobel Biocare Turkey Symposium
اقرأ المزيد
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Caner Ozturk
دكتوراسنان
14سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, أنقرة
Medipol University Ankara Dental Hospital

Caner Ozturk

دكتوراسنان
14سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Gulsevim Oda, D.M.D

Fields of Study and Interests

  • Anterior and posterior region restorations
  • Milk tooth amputation and root canal treatment 
  • Tooth extraction and space maintainers
  • Dental Treatments Under General Anesthesia
  • Protective dental treatments

Education

2015- İstanbul University Faculty of Dentistry 

2020- İstanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Pedodontics

Career

2022- continuing Ankara Medipol University Dental Hospital

2015 - 2020 Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry

Publications

Oda G, Karayagmurlu A, Dagli I, Aren G, Soylu N. Oral Health Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross Sectional Study from Turkey. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences 2021;11(3):186-192. Doi: 10.5455/PBS.20210321075312

Birant S, Koruyucu M, Ozcan H, Ilisulu C, Kasimoglu Y, Avcu N, Kocaaydin S, Bektas D, Usta G, Akay C, Bekiroglu N, Seymen F. Investigating the Level of Knowledge of the Community about Oral and Dental Health [published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 15]. Eur J Dent. 2020;10.1055/s-0040-1716583.
 

Usta G., Çağlar E., Aren G., “Diş Hekimlerinin Enfektif Endokarditi Önleme Konusundaki Bilgilerinin Değerlendirilmesi.”, Turkish Dental Association 25. International Dental Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 4-7 September 2019, pp.373. (Sözlü Sunum, Özet Bildiri)

Can K., Usta G., Aren G., “Apexification of Immature Fractured Teeth with MTA: Case
Series.”, 11th Interim Seminar & Guidelines Workshop of the European Academy of
Paediatric Dentistry, Crete, Greece, 2-4 May 2019, pp.52. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)
 

Usta G., Güven Y., Sarp P., Aren G., “Radicular cyst associated with a primary second molar: a case report.”, International Association of Paediatric Dentistry Regional Meeting and 25th Congress of Turkish Society of Paediatric Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey, 12-14 October 2018, pp180. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)
 

Usta G., Kasımoğlu Y., Aren G., “Replante Edilen Bir Dişte İnflamatuar Rezorpsiyonun Tedavisi.” Turkish Dental Association 24. International Dental Congress, Ankara, Turkey, 27-30 September 2018, pp.648-649. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

Koruyucu M., Birant S., Özcan H., İlisulu C., Kasımoğlu Y., Üstün N., Kocaaydın S., Dinç D., Usta G., Akay C., Bekiroğlu N., Seymen F., “Investigation the level of knowledge of the community about oral and dental health.”, International Congress On Preventive Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey, 5-8 March 2018. (Sözlü Sunum, Özet Bildiri).

Aren G., Usta G., Çayırcı M., Acar B., “Assessment of parents' knowledge and attitudes about artificial additives in toothpaste and brushing / Survey Study.”, International Congress On Preventive Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey, 5-8 March 2018. (Sözlü Sunum, Özet Bildiri)

Aksakal D., Usta G., Aren G., “Conservative management of an ectopıically erupting permanent maxillar molar: a case report.”, International Congress On Preventive Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey, 5-8 March 2018. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

Usta G., Kasımoğlu Y., Aren G., “Treatment of Anterior Crossbite in Mixed Dentition: Case Series.” Turkish Dental Association 23. International Dental Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 21- 24 September 2017, Turkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci 2017;23(Suppl) pp.421. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

Usta G., Aren G., Çayırcı M., “Management of Enamel Hypoplasia With Direct Composite Restorations: Two Case Reports.” AIC 19th International Congress and CONSEURO, Bologna, Italy, 11-13 May 2017, Clin Oral Invest (2017)21:pp1392. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

اقرأ المزيد
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A Gonzalez
دكتوراسنان
14سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
المكسيك, تيخوانا
Smile 4 Ever Mexico

A Gonzalez

دكتوراسنان
14سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
د. أ. غونزاليس طبيب أسنان ماهر يركز بشكل خاص على إجراءات زراعة الأسنان المختلفة. يمارس طب الأسنان العام منذ عام 2011، حيث يقدم خدمات طب أسنان عالية الجودة وبأسعار معقولة ومريحة.اقرأ المزيد
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David Salazar
دكتوراسنان
7سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
المكسيك, تيخوانا
Quality International Dental Clinic

David Salazar

دكتوراسنان
7سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Dr. David is a dentist who has shown significant dedication to her profession, specializing in general dentistry and periodontal treatments. He is known for providing high-quality and personalized dental care, ensuring patients receive consistent and reliable treatment. He offers a range of dental procedures including Dental Implants, All-on-4 Dental Implants, All-on-6 Dental Implants, Composite Veneer, Tooth Whitening, Porcelain Veneer, and Root canal treatment.

Education

  • Graduated with a degree in odontology from the Universidad Autónoma De Baja California
  • Trained as a General Oral Surgeon
  • Completed courses in regenerative periodontal surgery
  • Received training in periodontal surgery for implantology treatments
اقرأ المزيد
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Kyung Seo Park
اخصائي لب الأسنان
6سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
كوريا الجنوبية, سول
DARUN Dental Clinic

Kyung Seo Park

اخصائي لب الأسنان
6سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

DARUN Dental Clinic.

Implant focused dental clinic.

Here's a professional English translation for marketing purposes:

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Dental Clinic

When selecting a dental clinic, it's crucial to thoroughly evaluate various factors.

Today, we'll discuss five key elements to consider.

This isn't a definitive guide.

However, if you read carefully, you'll find it useful when searching for a quality dental clinic.

✅ Dentist's Expertise and Experience The expertise and experience of the dentist is one of the most crucial factors when choosing a dental clinic.

A dentist with extensive experience in a specific field has likely encountered and resolved numerous cases, enabling them to provide more reliable and trustworthy treatment.

You can verify a dentist's expertise through their specialized certifications, degrees, and involvement in academic societies.

اقرأ المزيد
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Jung Sung Lee
دكتوراسنان
17سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
كوريا الجنوبية, دايجون
DIER Dental Clinic

Jung Sung Lee

دكتوراسنان
17سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Are you anxious about dental procedures?
Experience stress-free dentistry with our expert team's conscious sedation services.

Why Choose Our Conscious Sedation Dentistry?

  • Collaboration between skilled dentists and certified anesthesiologists
  • Safe, monitored environment for your peace of mind
  • Ideal for complex procedures or anxiety-prone patients
  • Remain responsive while feeling relaxed and pain-free

Our Conscious Sedation Advantage:

  • Customized sedation plans to suit your needs
  • Reduced anxiety and discomfort
  • Ability to complete multiple procedures in one visit
  • Faster recovery time compared to general anesthesia

Our Expert Team:

-A dentist: Specialized in implants and general dental treatment

  • -An anesthesiologist: Board-certified anesthesiologist

Don't let dental anxiety compromise your oral health. Experience the difference with our conscious sedation services.

DIER DENTAL CLINIC - Where Comfort Meets Dental Excellence

اقرأ المزيد
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Johanna Pacheco
اخصائي زراعة الاسنان
12سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
جمهورية الدومنيكان, سانتو دومينغو
Love Dental and Sthetic Clinic

Johanna Pacheco

اخصائي زراعة الاسنان
12سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

.

Dental Training

Dentistry

Health science faculty- dental school l December 2012

University Eugenio Maria de Hostos- Santo Domingo.

 

*Diplomas and Courses

Higher Diploma in Oral implantology – SIND

Dental school l January 2021

University Nacional Evangelica – School Iberoamericana graduates of dentistry – Association Iberoamericana Family dentistry.

Diplomas international in high Aesthetic Dental.

 

Dental school l May 2019

University cartagena- entertainment center dentistry Ceo Latinoamerica- Bogota, Colombia.

 

 

Extraction course of retained and semi-retained third molars

Continuing Education l February 2017

Dominican institute of Advanced Dental Studies IDEDA- Santo Domingo

 

Periodontal and peri-implant plastic surgery course

Tissue Management workshop and substitutes l May 2015

Dental deposit IDEMEFA- Geistlich Biomaterials Santo Domingo

 

Courses Indirect Veneers and Composite Resin

Continuing Education l Octuber 2014

Dental deposit IDEMEFA- Eco continuing Education Dentistry- Santo Domingo.

 

Diplomat in Orthodontics

Dental school l July 2014

Continuing Health education center – CECONSA, Santo Domingo

 

Training in aesthetic medicine

Facial Harmonization Course

Aesthetic medicine l Octuber 2019

Harmony Peña Muñoz Center- Santo Domingo

 

Practical Theoretical Training hyaluronic acid applications botulinum toxin

Dental School l May 2019

Latin American training center dental- Bogota, Colombia

اقرأ المزيد
قد تحتوي هذه الصفحة على معلومات تتعلق بمختلف الحالات الطبية والعلاجات وخدمات الرعاية الصحية المتوفرة في بلدان مختلفة. يرجى العلم أن المحتوى مقدم لأغراض إعلامية فقط ولا ينبغي تفسيره على أنه نصيحة أو إرشادات طبية. يرجى استشارة طبيبك أو أخصائي طبي مؤهل قبل البدء أو تغيير العلاج الطبي.