أفضل صداع الراس أطباء الأعصاب - توب -110 أطباء

الدكتور Baris Metin هو طبيب أعصاب من ذوي الخبرة مع أكثر من 7 سنوات من الخبرة في تركيا وبلجيكا. وهو متخصص في اضطرابات الذاكرة ، والتصوير العصبي الوظيفي ، والصرع ، وتخطيط كهربية الدماغ ، والصداع واضطرابات النوم ، وله العديد من الأوراق البحثية في المجلات العلمية الوطنية والدولية.

الدكتور سنان تشومو طبيب أعصاب تركي يتمتع بخبرة تزيد عن 20 عامًا في علاج اضطرابات الحركة والسلوك والجينات والتمثيل الغذائي والصرع والصداع واضطرابات تأخر النمو لدى الرضع والأطفال والمراهقين. حصل على شهادته الطبية من جامعة اسطنبول وتلقى تدريبًا متخصصًا في طب الأطفال وطب أعصاب الأطفال وأساليب العلاج الأمريكية من مستشفى رينبو للأطفال والأطفال وجامعة بيتسبرغ ومستشفى ميموريال شيشلي. وهو عضو في الجمعية التركية لطب الأعصاب وجمعية أعصاب الأطفال.

غولومسر كيزيلطاش توكماك ، دكتوراه في الطب ، تخرجت من كلية الطب جراح باشا ، جامعة اسطنبول في عام 2002 وأكملت الإقامة في عيادة الأعصاب ، مستشفى أوكميداني التعليمي والبحثي في عام 2008. وهي حاصلة على درجة الماجستير في الفيزيولوجيا الكهربية من جامعة اسطنبول ، ودرست وعملت في المجالات مثل EMG و EEG و PSG والخرف والصداع والدوار. عملت في عيادة طب الأعصاب بمستشفى أغري الحكومي ومستشفى حصار إنتركونتيننتال ومستشفيات ميديكال بارك.

He was born in 1978 in Prizren (Kosovo). After graduating from "Prizren Science High School" in 1996, he started his education at Pristina University Faculty of Medicine in 1996 and graduated from Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine between 1999-2005. Between 2006-2011, he completed his specialty training in Neurology at Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology. During her training, she was especially interested in electrophysiology, dementias and movement disorders. Between 2012-2013, she worked as a lecturer at Üsküdar University. Since 2013, she has been working as a Neurology specialist at NPIstanbul Brain Hospital. She has ongoing scientific studies in the field of neurology. He speaks fluent English, Serbian and Bosnian. In his free time, he is engaged in classical Turkish music.

Publications:

• Bilateral Thalamic Anaplastic Glioma: Case Report. Ibrahim Sun, Celal Salcini , Ayca Sun, Baran Yılmaz, Kadriye Agan. Marmara Medical Journal 2008, Volume 21, Issue 3, Page(s) 257-260
• Electrophysiology and Pathology Findings in a Case of Lafora. Ağan K, Erbaş B, Şalçini C, Uluç K, Günal D, Aktan S. 42nd National Neurology Congress, 2006
• Tumefactive MS: A Case Report. Deniz Borucu, Celal Şalçini, Betül Özdilek, Kayıhan Uluç, Neşe Tuncer Elmacı, Dilek İnce Günal. 43rd National Neurology Congress, 2007
• Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease; Case Report with Radiologic and CSF Findings. Orhan Yılmaz, Celal Şalçini, Mesrure Köseoğlu, Kayıhan Uluç, İpek Midi, Neşe Tuncer,Önder Us, 43rd National Neurology Congress, 2007
• A Case of Tardive Dystonia Secondary to Low Dose Risperidone. Celal Şalçini, Kadriye Ağan, Dilek İnce Günal, 8th National Parkinson and Movement Disorders Congress, 2009
• Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in a Patient With Schizoaffective Disorder Manic Episode. Gökben Hızlı Sayar, Celal Salcini, Ali Bayram, Gaye Kağan, Nevzat Tarhan, 2012
• Chapter XVI "SPINAL CORD DISEASES" of Merrit's Neurology Handbook, p:493-502 Uz.Dr. Kayıhan Uluç, Dr. Celal Şalçini, Translation editor O. Doğu, Güneş Tıp Kitapevleri, ISBN No: 978-975-277-207-6, Ankara 2009
• Neurophysiologic Approach to the Complex Organization in Spine: A study on F-wave duration and Cutaneous Silent Period in Primary Restless Legs Patients, İşak B., Uluç K., Şalçini C., Clinical Neuorphysyology, 2010

EDUCATION

• Graduated in General Medicine at Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit in Mexico
•  
• Training in Forensic Medicine at Jalisco Institute of Forensic Sciences in Mexico
•  
• Training in Regenerative Geriatric Medicine at Nordic University
•  
• Master’s Degree in Regenerative Medicine at Universidad Catolica de Murcia in Madrid, Spain
•  
• Training in Regenerative Medicine at Nordic University

EXPERIENCE

• Founder of the biotechnological institute “Bioplenum S.A de C.V”
•  
• Collaborated in clinical protocols in Lyon, France, with Dr. Lourdes Sagnard
•  
• Clinical researcher in many protocols involving mesenchymal stem cells to treat autoimmune and chronic degenerative diseases, including: diabetes, asthma, ischemic events, ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease), arthritis, kidney failure, lupus, aesthetic facial regeneration, and as an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent

ACCOLADES

• HemoFenix France representative in Mexico and Latin America
•  
• Kimicor Pharma representative at the Italian laboratory in Mexico
•  
• Krebs International, General Director for the company located in Bulgaria
•  
• General Director for Immunotherapy for México A.C. foundation

2002-2007 Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Department of Brain and Nerve Surgery

1988-1995 Trakya University Faculty of Medicine

2015- Atlas University Medicine Hospital

2014-2015 Private Pendik Yüzyıl Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2009-2014 Medicine Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2009-2009 Nisa Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2007-2009 Mardin State Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic

2002-2007 Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Brain and Neurosurgery

1997-2001 Enez Health Center and Enez State Hospital

Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Disc Surgery (endoscopic/microsurgery)

Far lateral (non-canal) lumbar disc surgery (lateral microsurgical approach)

Neurovascular surgery

Cerebrovascular diseases (vascular diseases of the brain)

Aneurysms

Arteriovenous malformations

Cavernomas

Neuro-oncological surgery

Brain tumors

Glial tumors

Meningiomas

Pituitary gland tumors

Metastatic brain tumors

Skull base tumors

Pontocerebellar angle tumors

Pineal tumors

Intraventricular tumors

Spinal disease surgery

Cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine fractures

Spine and spinal cord tumors

Scoliosis

Degenerative spine diseases

Peripheral nerve disease surgery

Peripheral nerve tumors

Entrapment neuropathies

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Ulnar groove syndrome

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Functional neurosurgery and pain surgery

Trigeminal neuralgia

Microvascular decompression

Epilepsy surgery

Spasticity surgery

Epiduroscopic interventions

Hydrocephalus surgeries

Endoscopic 3rd ventriculostomy

VP shunt surgeries

LP shunt surgeries

Developmental anomalies

Meningomyelocele

Tethered cord syndrome

Arachnoid cyst

Craniosynostosis surgeries

Chiari malformation

Head trauma

Subdural hematomas

Intracerebral hematomas

Article published in internationally refereed journals

Cansever T, Civelek E, Sencer A, Karasu A, Kiris T, Hepgül K, Can H, Canbolat A: Spinal cavernous malformations: a report of 5 cases. Surg Neurol Jun 69 

Effects of combined and individual use of N-methyl-D aspartate receptor antagonist magnesium sulphate and caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEDH-fmk experimental spinal cord injury. A.Sencer, A.Aydoseli, Y.Aras, M.Osman Akçakaya, C.Gömleksiz, H.Can, A.Canbolat. Turkısh Joumal of Trauma&Emergency Surgery 2013

Aydoseli A, Can H, Aras Y, Sabanci PA, Akcakaya MO, Unal OF. Memantine and Q-VD-OPh Treatments in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: Combined Inhibition of Necrosis and Apoptosis. Turk Neurosurg. 2016

Can H, Kircelli A, Kavadar G, Civelek E, Cansever T, Aydoseli A, Onal MB, Yilmaz C. Lumbosacral Conjoined Root Anomaly: Anatomical Considerations of Exiting Angles and Root Thickness. Turk Neurosurg. 2017

Kırcelli A, Özel Ö, Can H, Sarı R, Cansever T, Elmacı İ. Is the presence of linear fracture a predictor of delayed posterior fossa epidural hematoma? Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2016 Jul

Kavadar G, Demircioğlu DT, Can H, Emre TY, Civelek E, Senyigit A. The clinical factors associated with benefit finding of complementary medicine use in patients with back pain: A cross-sectional study with cluster analysis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2017

Ozer AF, Suzer T, Can H, Falsafi M, Aydin M, Sasani M, Oktenoglu T. Anatomic Assessment of Variations in Kambin’s Triangle: A Surgical and Cadaver Study. World Neurosurg. 2017 Apr

Can H, Aydoseli A, Gömleksiz C, Göker B, Altunrende ME, Dolgun M, Sencer A. Combined and individual use of pancaspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh and NMDA receptor antagonist riluzole in experimental spinal cord injury. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2017

Gomleksiz C, Erbulut DU, Can H, Kodigudla MK, Kelkar AV, Kasapoglu E, Ozer AF, Goel VK. A new lumbar fixation device alternative to pedicle-based stabilization for lumbar spine: In vitro cadaver investigation. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018 Jul 16:1-8.

Aydoseli A, Özgen U, Akgül T, Orhan EK, Adıyaman AE, Can H, Karadağ C. Subacute Traumatic Ascending Myelopathy in a 28-year-old man: A rare case. World Neurosurg. 2019 Apr 28

Article published in national refereed journals

1) Intracranial Hemangioblastomas: Clinical Evaluation of 32 Patients T. Cansever, A. Karasu, K. Hepgül, H. Can, A. Sencer Turkish Neurosurgical Journal 2007, Volume:17 

2) Halil Can, Müge Dolgun, Utku Özgen, Cengiz Gömleksiz, Furkan Diren, Aydın Aydoseli, Yavuz Aras, Altay Sencer. Microsurgical Results in Vestibular Schwannoma Patients; Retrospective Clinical Study. JAREM 2019

3) Furkan Diren , Özcan Gayretli , Halil Can , İlke Ali Gürses , Orhan Barlas. Examination of Pons-Cerebellum Cisterna Anatomy with Endoscopic Retrosigmoid Suboccipital Approach: Cadaver Study. JAREM 2019

Neurosurgery Training: Gazi University, Department of Neurosurgery, 2011 

H index: 10, I10 Index: 12 Citations: 296

 Dr Mehmet Tonge has international and nationwide 32 publications, 12 book chapters, 92 oral and poster presentations and 41 invited lectures, mostly on Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 

Work & Training experience:

2004-2011: Gazi University, Department of Neurosurgery (Residency)

 2008: Zurich University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery (Intraoperative MRI applications), Switzerland 

2008: Zurich University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery: Microneurosurgery, white matter dissection, interventional neuroradiology courses, Switzerland 

2011 – 2012: Sinop Ataturk State Hospital, Neurosurgeon

 2012 – 2013: Cankiri State Hospital, Neurosurgeon 

2013 – 2014: Istanbul Medipol University, Department of Neurosurgery & Gamma Knife Center (Ass Prof) 

2013 – now: Maastricht University Neurosurgery & Neuroscience Department (Visiting scientist, PhDc) The Netherlands 

2014: Maastricht University, The Netherlands: Deep Brain Stimulation Fellowship 2014-2018: Istanbul Memorial Hospital Neurosurgery: Staff Neurosurgeon

 2016-2018: Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital (Consultant, Gamma Knife Center) 

2018-now: Istanbul Medipol University (Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery, Gamma Knife Center) Ass. Prof.) 

Dr Mehmet Tonge has completed 4-year cycle EANS (European Association of Neurosurgical Societies) Training courses. 

Clinical areas of interest:

 • Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery

 • Surgery for movement disorders

• * MR Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS)

 • Gamma Knife Radiosurgery 

• Surgery for pain & spasticity 

• Psychosurgery

Research areas of interest: 

• Deep brain stimulation

• * MR Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS)

 • Stereotactic radiosurgery 

Administrative duties:

 • Turkish Neurosurgical Society, Sterotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Section: Board member 2015- 2017 

• Turkish Neurosurgical Society, Sterotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Section: Board member (Secretary) 2017-2019

 • Turkish Skull Base Society: Board member 2016-2018

 • Turkish Skull Base Society: Supervisory board member 2018-2020

 • Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders Surgery Society: Executive Board Member, (Accountant) 2023-still 

Memberships: 

• WSSFN (World Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Society) 

• ESSFN (European Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Society)

 • Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders Surgery Society

 • Deep Brain Stimulation Society 

• International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society 

• Leksell Gamma Knife Society 

• EANS (European Association of Neurosurgical Societies) 

• Turkish Neurosurgical Society

• Turkish Skull Base Society

Sample Publications: 

1. Tonge M. Technological developments in electric based DBS. Deep Brain Stimulation 2024 4(36-41) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdbs.2023.12.001 

2. Akgul E, Onan HB, Islek I, Tonge M, Durmus Y, Barburoglu M, Azizova A, Erol C, Hakyemez B, Sencer S, Aydin K, Arat A. Flow diverter stents in the treatment of recanalized intracranial aneurysms. Interv Neuroradiol. 2021 Aug;27(4):481-489. doi: 10.1177/1591019921990507. Epub 2021 Jan 28. PMID: 33509011; PMCID: PMC8580529. 

3. Mulders AEP, Temel Y, Tonge M, Schaper FLWVJ, van Kranen-Mastenbroek V,Ackermans L, Kubben P, Janssen MLF, Duits A. The association between surgical characteristics and cognitive decline following deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021 Jan;200:106341. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106341. Epub 2020 Nov 3. PMID: 33160716. 

4. Wetzelaer P, Vlis T, Tonge M, Ackermans L, Kubben P, Evers S, Kocabicak E, Temel Y. Management of Hardware Related Infections after DBS Surgery: A Cost Analysis. Turk Neurosurg. 2018;28(6):929- 933. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.21511-17.1. PMID: 29465741. 

5. Bedirli N, Emmez G, Ünal Y, Tönge M, Emmez H. Effects of positive end- expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure during pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position in a porcine mode. Turk J Med Sci. 2017 Nov 13;47(5):1610-1615. doi: 10.3906/sag-1609-17. PMID: 29152942. 

6. Sari R, Tonge M, Bolukbasi FH, Onoz M, Baskan O, Silav G, Elmaci I. Management of Failed Cranioplasty. Turk Neurosurg. 2017;27(2):201-207. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.15395-15.0. PMID: 27593759. 

7. Tonge M, Kocabicak E, Ackermans L, Kuijf M, Temel Y. Final Electrode Position in Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: A Comparison of Indirect and Direct Targeting Methods. Turk Neurosurg. 2016;26(6):900-903. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.13739-14.1. PMID: 27337232. 

8. Tonge M, Ackermans L, Kocabicak E, van Kranen-Mastenbroek V, Kuijf M, Oosterloo M, Kubben P, Temel Y. A detailed analysis of intracerebral hemorrhages in DBS surgeries. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2015 Dec;139:183-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.10.017. Epub 2015 Oct 23. PMID: 26513430. 

9. Silav G, Bölükbaşı FH, Özek E, Tönge M, Önöz M, Elmacı İ. A Simple Technique for Bone Storage after Decompressive Craniectomy in Children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2015;50(3):161-4. doi: 10.1159/000381748. Epub 2015 May 14. PMID: 25998533. 

10. Yilmaz MB, Donmez H, Tonge M, Senol S, Tekiner A. Vertebrojugular arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm formation due to penetrating vertebral artery injury: case report and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg. 2015;25(1):141-5. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.8247-13.1. PMID: 25640560. 

11. Kurt G, Tönge M, Çeltıkçı E, Çapraz I, Serdaroğlu A, Bılır E. Surgery for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: experience of a single institution. Turk J Med Sci. 2014;44(5):866-70. doi: 10.3906/sag-1307- 30. PMID: 25539559. 

12. Yılmaz MB, Tönge M, Emmez H, Kaymaz F, Kaymaz M. Neuroprotective effects of quetiapine on neuronal apoptosis following experimental transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2013 Jul;54(1):1-7. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2013.54.1.1. Epub 2013 Jul 31. PMID: 24044072; PMCID: PMC3772279. 

13. Yilmaz MB, Egemen E, Tonge M, Kaymaz M. Transoral protrusion of a peritoneal catheter due to gastric perforation 10 years after a ventriculoperitoneal shunting: case report and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg. 2013;23(2):285-8. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.4904-11.1. PMID: 23546921. 

14. Omerhodzic I, Tonge M, Matos B, Musabeliu E, Raspanti C, Ferdinandov D, Galimova R, Muroi C, Balik V, Kursumovic A. Neurosurgical training programme in selected European countries: from the young neurosurgeons' point of view. Turk Neurosurg. 2012;22(3):286-93. doi: 10.5137/1019- 5149.JTN.5133-11.0. PMID: 22664994. 

15. Ergun E, Kurt G, Tonge M, Aytar H, Tas M, Baykaner K, Ceviker N. Effects of phenytoin sodium on dura mater healing in a rat model of CSF leakage. Turk Neurosurg. 2011;21(4):471-6. PMID: 22194102. 

16. Emmez H, Tonge M, Tokgoz N, Durdag E, Gonul I, Cevıker N. Radiological and histopathological comparison of microporous polysaccharide hemospheres and oxidized regenerated cellulose in the rabbit brain: a study of efficacy and safety. Turk Neurosurg. 2010 Oct;20(4):485-91. doi: 10.5137/1019- 5149.JTN.3300-10.2. PMID: 20963698. 

17. Emmez H, Yildirim Z, Kale A, Tönge M, Durdağ E, Börcek AO, Uçankuş LN, Doğulu F, Kiliç N, Baykaner MK. Anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of α-lipoic acid on spinal cord ischemiareperfusion injury in rabbits. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010 Sep;152(9):1591-600; discussion 1600-1. doi: 10.1007/s00701-010-0703-9. Epub 2010 Jun 10. PMID: 20535507. 

18. Kurt G, Tonge M, Börcek AO, Karahacioglu E, Gurel O, Baykaner K, Ceviker N, Aykol S. Fractionated gamma knife radiosurgery for optic nerve tumors: a technical report. Turk Neurosurg. 2010 Apr;20(2):241-6. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.1681-09.3. PMID: 20401852. 

19. Emmez H, Kale A, Tönge M, Cakir A, Ceviker N. Two meningiomas with different histological grades in the same patient. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2010;50(8):686-8. doi: 10.2176/nmc.50.686. PMID: 20805656.

Eduardo Fernandez, MD

Medical Doctor & Stem Cell Expert

Dr. Eduardo Fernandez is a distinguished medical professional specializing in stem cell therapies and regenerative medicine. He is a certified member of the Mexican College of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, as well as the Mexican Council of Stem Cells for Therapeutic and Research Purposes. Dr. Fernandez’s certifications are the result of a rigorous 8-hour examination process, reserved for a select group of doctors who possess advanced knowledge and experience in these cutting-edge treatments. With only 50 certified doctors in Mexico, Dr. Fernandez’s expertise is highly sought after and respected.

In addition to his national recognition, Dr. Fernandez is awaiting international certification from the renowned International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR). Membership in this prestigious organization signifies Dr. Fernandez’s extensive experience and expertise in stem cell treatments. The ISSCR includes prominent scientists from renowned universities such as Harvard, Yale, Stanford, and other esteemed institutions worldwide. Being a part of this elite society represents the pinnacle of honor and prestige in the field of stem cell therapies.

Furthermore, Dr. Fernandez is also seeking membership and international certification from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), the largest community of extracellular vesicle researchers globally. With only two thousand members worldwide, ISEV’s select nature underscores Dr. Fernandez’s exceptional dedication to advancing scientific knowledge in the study of exosomes and cellular messengers. By pursuing membership in ISEV, Dr. Fernandez continues to demonstrate his commitment to staying at the forefront of research and innovation in the field of regenerative medicine.

Jefe de Enseñanza Hospital Regional de Puerto Vallarta  

2020-2023

Encargada de expediente clínico en Hospital Regional de Puerto Vallarta 2 meses 2020  

Médico general en consultorio médico particular  

2015-2022  

Medico a cargo de clínica para control de peso  

2013-2014  

Asistente médico en clínica dermatológica

2008-2013 

 Asistente Medico en procedimientos Dermatológicos.  

 Asistente Medico en procedimientos quirúrgicos mínimo invasivos  

 Operación de máquina de laser fraccionado - IPIXEL-ER y  

rejuvenecimiento facial con  IPL.  

 Experiencia en depilación láser con Luz Pulsada Intensa  y  

radiofrecuencia  

 Experiencia con cavitación ultrasónica  

 Experiencia con máquina de fototerapia con luz ultravioleta (UV) para el  

tratamiento de psoriasis y vitíligo.    

 Experiencia asistiendo en procedimientos de Botox y Rellenos.  

 Biomagneta certificada por Instituto superior de biomagnetismo  

medico ISAAC GOIZ DURAN  

 Experiencia en expediente clínico    

 Capacitación en formación continua y desarrollo profesional docent

أفيفا فتال فاليفسكي هي أخصائية أعصاب متخصصة في علاج الاضطرابات العصبية الوراثية لدى الأطفال. تعمل في هذا المجال منذ عام 1993 وشغلت مناصب مختلفة في مركز سوراسكي الطبي منذ ذلك الحين. وهي عضوة في العديد من المنظمات الطبية ، مثل الجمعية الطبية الإسرائيلية ، والجمعية الإسرائيلية لطب الأطفال السريري ، والجمعية الأوروبية لطب الأطفال العصبي.

الدكتورة ميري نيوفيلد هي جراح أعصاب ذو خبرة عالية ومحترم مع 49 عامًا من الخدمة في مركز سوراسكي الطبي ، متخصص في علاج أمراض الدماغ مثل الصرع. أكملت تعليمها الطبي في جامعة تل أبيب ، وتدربت في مركز شيبا الطبي ، وأكملت الإقامة في طب الأعصاب في مركز بيلينسون الطبي ، وتدربت في مايو كلينيك (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية) ، وحصلت على عضوية في جمعيات طبية مختلفة.