الساد (الماء الأبيض)
كل التخصصات
الساد (الماء الأبيض)
كل التخصصات

أفضل الساد (الماء الأبيض) أطباء العيون - توب -256 أطباء

يلبي المحتوى سياسة التحرير Bookimed ويتم مراجعتها طبياً من قبل
فهد مولود - طبيب عام. حاصل على 4 جوائز علمية. خدم في غرب آسيا. رئيس الفريق الطبي الناطق بالعربية سابقا ومسؤول عن معالجة البيانات ودقة المحتوى الطبي حاليا.
Parag Apte
طبيب عيون
18سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Parag Apte

طبيب عيون
18سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
جزر المالديف, Male
Tree Top Hospital
Okkes
أخصائي جراحة العيون
6سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Okkes

أخصائي جراحة العيون
6سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إسطنبول
ERDEM HOSPITAL
Lee Min Jee
طبيب عيون
33سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Lee Min Jee

طبيب عيون
33سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
كوريا الجنوبية, سول
Gangnam ID Ophthalmic Clinic
Kader Yildiz
طبيب عيون
13سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
1 تقييم
تركيا, إزمير
Can Hospitals Turkey

Kader Yildiz

طبيب عيون
13سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Specialisation:Eye CARE

Years of Experience: 13

Education: Dicle University Faculty of Medicine (2009)

Languages:English, Turkish

Memberships & Awards:Over 100 medical articles

اقرأ المزيد

Specialisation:Eye CARE

Years of Experience: 13

Education: Dicle University Faculty of Medicine (2009)

Languages:English, Turkish

Memberships & Awards:Over 100 medical articles

اقرأ المزيد
صور قبل وبعد
Umut Karaca
طبيب عيون
20سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, أنطاليا
eye surgery Antalya

Umut Karaca

طبيب عيون
20سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

University:

Gülhane Military Medical Academy GATA – 2004

Specialization:

Gülhane Military Medical Academy GATA – 2011

Work experiences:

Isparta Military Hospital

Suleyan Demirel University

Lara Anadolu Hospital 2022 – Present

Professional Memberships:

Turkish Ophthalmology Association

Foreign language:

English

اقرأ المزيد

University:

Gülhane Military Medical Academy GATA – 2004

Specialization:

Gülhane Military Medical Academy GATA – 2011

Work experiences:

Isparta Military Hospital

Suleyan Demirel University

Lara Anadolu Hospital 2022 – Present

Professional Memberships:

Turkish Ophthalmology Association

Foreign language:

English

اقرأ المزيد
Iclal Yucal
طبيب عيون
52سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, أنطاليا
eye surgery Antalya

Iclal Yucal

طبيب عيون
52سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

1972-1979 Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine

Work experiences:

Antalya Medstar Hospital 2019 / 2020

1987/2019 Antalya Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine

Faculty Member,

glaucoma,

Glaucoma Surgery,

Cataract Surgery (Adult, Congenital),

Pterygium Surgery,

Corneal transplant (Keratoplasty)

Head of Department of Ophthalmology for two terms,

Responsibility of the cornea unit (9 years)

Glaucoma unit responsibility (20 years)

Turkish Ophthalmology Association Glaucoma Unit Board Member (3 terms)

Turkish Ophthalmology Association Ocular Infections Unit Presidency

President of Turkish Ophthalmology Association Konya-Antalya Branch (1 term)

Professional Memberships:

Turkish Ophthalmology Association

American Society of Ophthalmology

Turkish Ophthalmology Association, Glaucoma Unit active membership

Turkish Ophthalmology Association Cataract-Refraction Surgery Unit active membership

Turkish Ophthalmology Association Ocular Infections Unit active membership

Foreign language:

English

اقرأ المزيد

1972-1979 Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine

Work experiences:

Antalya Medstar Hospital 2019 / 2020

1987/2019 Antalya Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine

Faculty Member,

glaucoma,

Glaucoma Surgery,

Cataract Surgery (Adult, Congenital),

Pterygium Surgery,

Corneal transplant (Keratoplasty)

Head of Department of Ophthalmology for two terms,

Responsibility of the cornea unit (9 years)

Glaucoma unit responsibility (20 years)

Turkish Ophthalmology Association Glaucoma Unit Board Member (3 terms)

Turkish Ophthalmology Association Ocular Infections Unit Presidency

President of Turkish Ophthalmology Association Konya-Antalya Branch (1 term)

Professional Memberships:

Turkish Ophthalmology Association

American Society of Ophthalmology

Turkish Ophthalmology Association, Glaucoma Unit active membership

Turkish Ophthalmology Association Cataract-Refraction Surgery Unit active membership

Turkish Ophthalmology Association Ocular Infections Unit active membership

Foreign language:

English

اقرأ المزيد
Mustafa Islek
أخصائي جراحة العيون
34سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, أنطاليا
eye surgery Antalya

Mustafa Islek

أخصائي جراحة العيون
34سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Op. Dr. Mustafa İşlek was born in 1961. After completing his medical education at Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, he completed his ophthalmology residency at Sakarya State Hospital. Op. Dr. İşlek was at Albert Szent Gyorgyi University Faculty of Medicine between 1990 and 1992; Between 1992 and 1994, at Istanbul Şişli Eftal Hospital; Between 1998 and 2011, he worked at Antalya Serik State Hospital. He speaks English.

اقرأ المزيد

Op. Dr. Mustafa İşlek was born in 1961. After completing his medical education at Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, he completed his ophthalmology residency at Sakarya State Hospital. Op. Dr. İşlek was at Albert Szent Gyorgyi University Faculty of Medicine between 1990 and 1992; Between 1992 and 1994, at Istanbul Şişli Eftal Hospital; Between 1998 and 2011, he worked at Antalya Serik State Hospital. He speaks English.

اقرأ المزيد
Mehmet Bulut
طبيب عيون
26سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, أنطاليا
eye surgery Antalya

Mehmet Bulut

طبيب عيون
26سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

University:

Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine 1996
Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine 2002

Work experiences

Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Eye Clinic -1998-2002
Antalya State Hospital Eye Clinic -2003-2009
Antalya Training and Research Hospital Eye Clinic 2009-2022
Antalya Anadolu Hospital 2022-Present

Professional Memberships:

Turkish Society of Ophthalmology ( TOD ) Active Member
TOD Neuroophthalmology Unit Active Member
TOD Konya-Antalya Branch Board Member

Foreign language:

English

اقرأ المزيد

University:

Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine 1996
Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine 2002

Work experiences

Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Eye Clinic -1998-2002
Antalya State Hospital Eye Clinic -2003-2009
Antalya Training and Research Hospital Eye Clinic 2009-2022
Antalya Anadolu Hospital 2022-Present

Professional Memberships:

Turkish Society of Ophthalmology ( TOD ) Active Member
TOD Neuroophthalmology Unit Active Member
TOD Konya-Antalya Branch Board Member

Foreign language:

English

اقرأ المزيد
Yenal Erten
طبيب عيون
24سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Yenal Erten

طبيب عيون
24سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, أنطاليا
UK-Turkey Health
Anjana Karunakaran
طبيب عيون
6سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
1 تقييم
الإمارات العربية المتحدة, دبي
Medeor 24x7 Hospital, Dubai

Anjana Karunakaran

طبيب عيون
6سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Dr Anjana Karunakaran is a Specialist Ophthalmologist with five years of experience. She completed her MBBS from Government Medical College, Trivandrum (2007). She received her MD in Ophthalmology from the prestigious All India Institute of Medical Sciences (2015), and she went on to pursue a Fellowship in Cornea and Refractive Surgery from Narayana Nethralaya ,Bangalore (2018). She worked as Cornea Refractive Surgeon in Chaithanya Eye Hospital and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India, for four years before joining Medeor Hospital, Dubai. She has expertise in comprehensive ophthalmology, both anterior segment and posterior segment. She deals with ocular emergencies and trauma.

Research & Publications

  • Titiyal. J, Karunakaran A, Rathi A, Kaur M, Sharma N, Agarwal T – Collagen Cross-Linked Therapeutic Grafts in Fungal Keratitis.- Ophthalmology(DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.005)
  • Kumar, V., Karunakaran, A., & Valakada, J. (2017). Septo-optic dysplasia. International Ophthalmology. doi:10.1007/s10792- 016-0437-7
  • Duraipandi, K., Gupta, N., Karunakaran, A., Kale, P., Dhaka, S., Verma, N., & Mirdha, B. R. (2016). Naso-Ophthalmic Myiasis and Pubic Louse Infestation of Nose. Journal of Case Reports, 1-3. doi:10.17659/01.2016.0001

Expertise

  • Refractive Surgery Like Lasik, PRK
  • Pterygium and Ocular Surface Disorders
  • Dry Eye Evaluation and Thermal Pulsation Therapy
  • Ocular Trauma
  • Ocular Allergy and Infections
  • Screening for Retinal Disorders
  • Ocular And Extraocular Mass Lesions
  • Nasolacrimal Obstructions
  • Glaucoma
  • Assessment of Keratoconus with Medical and Surgical Management
  • Corneal Transplantation
  • Mucous Membrane Graft and Limbal Stem Cell Grafts
  • Chalazion Excision, Eyelid and Conjunctival Mass Excision
  • Medical Treatment
  • Intravitreal Injections For Diabetic Retinopathy
  • Age Related Macular Degeneration
  • Macular Edema
  • Vascular Retinal Disorders

Membership

  • Indian Medical Association
  • All India Ophthalmological Society
  • Cornea Society, India
  • Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh
اقرأ المزيد

Dr Anjana Karunakaran is a Specialist Ophthalmologist with five years of experience. She completed her MBBS from Government Medical College, Trivandrum (2007). She received her MD in Ophthalmology from the prestigious All India Institute of Medical Sciences (2015), and she went on to pursue a Fellowship in Cornea and Refractive Surgery from Narayana Nethralaya ,Bangalore (2018). She worked as Cornea Refractive Surgeon in Chaithanya Eye Hospital and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India, for four years before joining Medeor Hospital, Dubai. She has expertise in comprehensive ophthalmology, both anterior segment and posterior segment. She deals with ocular emergencies and trauma.

Research & Publications

  • Titiyal. J, Karunakaran A, Rathi A, Kaur M, Sharma N, Agarwal T – Collagen Cross-Linked Therapeutic Grafts in Fungal Keratitis.- Ophthalmology(DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.005)
  • Kumar, V., Karunakaran, A., & Valakada, J. (2017). Septo-optic dysplasia. International Ophthalmology. doi:10.1007/s10792- 016-0437-7
  • Duraipandi, K., Gupta, N., Karunakaran, A., Kale, P., Dhaka, S., Verma, N., & Mirdha, B. R. (2016). Naso-Ophthalmic Myiasis and Pubic Louse Infestation of Nose. Journal of Case Reports, 1-3. doi:10.17659/01.2016.0001

Expertise

  • Refractive Surgery Like Lasik, PRK
  • Pterygium and Ocular Surface Disorders
  • Dry Eye Evaluation and Thermal Pulsation Therapy
  • Ocular Trauma
  • Ocular Allergy and Infections
  • Screening for Retinal Disorders
  • Ocular And Extraocular Mass Lesions
  • Nasolacrimal Obstructions
  • Glaucoma
  • Assessment of Keratoconus with Medical and Surgical Management
  • Corneal Transplantation
  • Mucous Membrane Graft and Limbal Stem Cell Grafts
  • Chalazion Excision, Eyelid and Conjunctival Mass Excision
  • Medical Treatment
  • Intravitreal Injections For Diabetic Retinopathy
  • Age Related Macular Degeneration
  • Macular Edema
  • Vascular Retinal Disorders

Membership

  • Indian Medical Association
  • All India Ophthalmological Society
  • Cornea Society, India
  • Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh
اقرأ المزيد
Ayhan Dursun
طبيب عيون
19سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
1 تقييم

Ayhan Dursun

طبيب عيون
19سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, Sivas
Medicana Sivas Hospital
Mehmet Sahin
طبيب عيون
21سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, أنقرة
Private Koru Ankara Hospital

Mehmet Sahin

طبيب عيون
21سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Work Experience

  • 2003-2011: Worked in public hospitals.
  • 2011 - Present: Working in the private sector, currently at the Eye Clinic of Private Koru Hospital (Çukurambar).

Education

  • 1999: Graduated from Ankara University Faculty of Medicine.
  • 2003: Completed specialization at Ankara Training and Research Hospital Eye Clinic.

Specialization

  • Cataract and Other Anterior Segment Surgeries
  • Refractive Surgery
  • Retinal Diseases (Experience with over 30,000 cases)

Language Skills

  • English

Professional Memberships

  • TOD (Turkish Ophthalmological Association)
  • TCOD (Turkish Republics Ophthalmology Association)
  • AAO (American Academy of Ophthalmology)
اقرأ المزيد

Work Experience

  • 2003-2011: Worked in public hospitals.
  • 2011 - Present: Working in the private sector, currently at the Eye Clinic of Private Koru Hospital (Çukurambar).

Education

  • 1999: Graduated from Ankara University Faculty of Medicine.
  • 2003: Completed specialization at Ankara Training and Research Hospital Eye Clinic.

Specialization

  • Cataract and Other Anterior Segment Surgeries
  • Refractive Surgery
  • Retinal Diseases (Experience with over 30,000 cases)

Language Skills

  • English

Professional Memberships

  • TOD (Turkish Ophthalmological Association)
  • TCOD (Turkish Republics Ophthalmology Association)
  • AAO (American Academy of Ophthalmology)
اقرأ المزيد
Ibrahim Tuncer
طبيب عيون
19سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
1 تقييم
تركيا, إزمير
Can Hospitals Turkey

Ibrahim Tuncer

طبيب عيون
19سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

"He has experience of over 10,000 surgical cases. He has published 48 scientific articles that are included in international and national scientific indexes, and these articles have been cited more than 250 times. He has also presented 28 papers in international and national scientific meetings. His professional interests are Cataract surgery (Femtosecond laser, Trifocal, EDOF, Multifocal, Toric intraocular lenses) Refractive surgery (Femtosecond laser, Excimer laser, LASIK, LASEK, PRK, SMILE) Oculoplastic surgery (Eyelid aesthetics, ptosis, entropion, ectropion, pterygium) Medical Retina (Macular degeneration) , Diabetic retinopathy, Retinal vascular occlusion, SSR) Glaucoma (Medical and surgical treatment) Strabismus and Amblyopia Filling and Botulinum toxin applications"

اقرأ المزيد

"He has experience of over 10,000 surgical cases. He has published 48 scientific articles that are included in international and national scientific indexes, and these articles have been cited more than 250 times. He has also presented 28 papers in international and national scientific meetings. His professional interests are Cataract surgery (Femtosecond laser, Trifocal, EDOF, Multifocal, Toric intraocular lenses) Refractive surgery (Femtosecond laser, Excimer laser, LASIK, LASEK, PRK, SMILE) Oculoplastic surgery (Eyelid aesthetics, ptosis, entropion, ectropion, pterygium) Medical Retina (Macular degeneration) , Diabetic retinopathy, Retinal vascular occlusion, SSR) Glaucoma (Medical and surgical treatment) Strabismus and Amblyopia Filling and Botulinum toxin applications"

اقرأ المزيد
Kim Kuk Hwe
طبيب عيون
15سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
كوريا الجنوبية, Seongnam
Alpha seoul eye clinic

Kim Kuk Hwe

طبيب عيون
15سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
  • Graduated from Seoul National University School of Medicine
  • Resident doctor at Seoul National University Hospital
  • Ophthalmologist at Samsung Hospital
  • Internship at the Mayo Clinic (Minnesota, Rochester)
  • Former Director of Ophthalmology Department of Pocheon Hospital (Gyeonggi Medical Center)
  • Former Director/Doctor of Glory Seoul Eye Clinic
  • Member of the Korean Association of Ophthalmologists
  • Member of the Korean Contact Lens Research Society
  • Member of the Korean Association of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
اقرأ المزيد
  • Graduated from Seoul National University School of Medicine
  • Resident doctor at Seoul National University Hospital
  • Ophthalmologist at Samsung Hospital
  • Internship at the Mayo Clinic (Minnesota, Rochester)
  • Former Director of Ophthalmology Department of Pocheon Hospital (Gyeonggi Medical Center)
  • Former Director/Doctor of Glory Seoul Eye Clinic
  • Member of the Korean Association of Ophthalmologists
  • Member of the Korean Contact Lens Research Society
  • Member of the Korean Association of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
اقرأ المزيد
Joonsung Park
طبيب عيون
25سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
كوريا الجنوبية, سول
Samsung Miracle Eye Clinic

Joonsung Park

طبيب عيون
25سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Director, Samsung Miracle Eye Clinic Gangnam Branch 

· Former Co-Director, Cheonan Kim Eye Clinic 

· Founder, Cheonan Kim Eye Clinic Network 

· Graduate of Korea University College of Medicine 

· Master's Degree in Medicine, Korea University Graduate School 

· Doctorate in Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School

· Ophthalmologist, Korea University College of Medicine 

· Outpatient Professor, Korea University Medical Center 

· Cornea Fellow, Samsung Seoul Hospital 

· Outpatient Professor, Samsung Seoul Hospital 

· Clinical Instructor, Vision Correction Clinic, Samsung Seoul Hospital

· Reference Doctor for STAAR ICL and TICL 

· Awarded Smile 1 Million Thanks Trophy by Smile 1000, 2022 

· Ranked Top 5 in Nationwide Cataract Surgeries, 2014 

· Conducted Presbyopia Correction Cataract Surgery, 2007 

· Conducted Intraocular Lens Implantation Surgery, 2005 

· Member of the Korean Ophthalmological Society (KOS) 

· Member of the Korean External Eye Disease Society (KEEDS) 

· Member of the Korean Contact Lens Society (KCLS) 

· Member of the Korean Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (KSCRS) 

· Member of the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) 

· Member of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS)

· Member of the Insurance Committee, Korean Ophthalmological Society 

· Member of the Medical Advisory Committee, Cheonan District Prosecutor's Office, Daejeon

اقرأ المزيد

Director, Samsung Miracle Eye Clinic Gangnam Branch 

· Former Co-Director, Cheonan Kim Eye Clinic 

· Founder, Cheonan Kim Eye Clinic Network 

· Graduate of Korea University College of Medicine 

· Master's Degree in Medicine, Korea University Graduate School 

· Doctorate in Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School

· Ophthalmologist, Korea University College of Medicine 

· Outpatient Professor, Korea University Medical Center 

· Cornea Fellow, Samsung Seoul Hospital 

· Outpatient Professor, Samsung Seoul Hospital 

· Clinical Instructor, Vision Correction Clinic, Samsung Seoul Hospital

· Reference Doctor for STAAR ICL and TICL 

· Awarded Smile 1 Million Thanks Trophy by Smile 1000, 2022 

· Ranked Top 5 in Nationwide Cataract Surgeries, 2014 

· Conducted Presbyopia Correction Cataract Surgery, 2007 

· Conducted Intraocular Lens Implantation Surgery, 2005 

· Member of the Korean Ophthalmological Society (KOS) 

· Member of the Korean External Eye Disease Society (KEEDS) 

· Member of the Korean Contact Lens Society (KCLS) 

· Member of the Korean Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (KSCRS) 

· Member of the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) 

· Member of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS)

· Member of the Insurance Committee, Korean Ophthalmological Society 

· Member of the Medical Advisory Committee, Cheonan District Prosecutor's Office, Daejeon

اقرأ المزيد
Sevda Ertekin
طبيب عيون
10سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
2 تقييم
تركيا, إسطنبول
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Istanbul Atasehir

Sevda Ertekin

طبيب عيون
10سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Place and Date of Birth

  • Ergani, 1984

Language Skills

  • English

Education and Experience

  • 2008 Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine
  • 2009-2014 Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology
  • Osmaniye State Hospital 2014-2017
  • Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital 2017-2018
  • Şehit Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Education and Research Hospital 2018-2020

Case Experience

  • Experience of over 10.000 surgical cases

Membership

  • Turkish Ophthalmology Association (TOD)
  • Istanbul Medical Chamber

Books

  • Sevda Ertekin, Covid 19 ve göz hastalıkları, bölüm 22

AWARDS

  • Sevda Ertekin/RETINA, Best research 3rd award

SEMINARS

  • Sevda Ertekin, Vision Screening in Children, Osmaniye,2015
  • Sevda Ertekin, Emergency Eye Diseases, Osmaniye, 2016
  • Sevda Ertekin, Diabetes and Eye Health, Istanbul,2022
اقرأ المزيد

Place and Date of Birth

  • Ergani, 1984

Language Skills

  • English

Education and Experience

  • 2008 Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine
  • 2009-2014 Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology
  • Osmaniye State Hospital 2014-2017
  • Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital 2017-2018
  • Şehit Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Education and Research Hospital 2018-2020

Case Experience

  • Experience of over 10.000 surgical cases

Membership

  • Turkish Ophthalmology Association (TOD)
  • Istanbul Medical Chamber

Books

  • Sevda Ertekin, Covid 19 ve göz hastalıkları, bölüm 22

AWARDS

  • Sevda Ertekin/RETINA, Best research 3rd award

SEMINARS

  • Sevda Ertekin, Vision Screening in Children, Osmaniye,2015
  • Sevda Ertekin, Emergency Eye Diseases, Osmaniye, 2016
  • Sevda Ertekin, Diabetes and Eye Health, Istanbul,2022
اقرأ المزيد
C Jagadesh Reddy
طبيب عيون
21سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

C Jagadesh Reddy

طبيب عيون
21سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
الهند, حيدر آباد
Pristine Eye Hospitals
تركيا, إسطنبول
Dünyagöz Hospitals Group

طبيب عيون ، متخصص في علاج المياه البيضاء والقرنية المخروطية والقرنية وقصر النظر الشيخوخي

اقرأ المزيد

طبيب عيون ، متخصص في علاج المياه البيضاء والقرنية المخروطية والقرنية وقصر النظر الشيخوخي

اقرأ المزيد
قد تحتوي هذه الصفحة على معلومات تتعلق بمختلف الحالات الطبية والعلاجات وخدمات الرعاية الصحية المتوفرة في بلدان مختلفة. يرجى العلم أن المحتوى مقدم لأغراض إعلامية فقط ولا ينبغي تفسيره على أنه نصيحة أو إرشادات طبية. يرجى استشارة طبيبك أو أخصائي طبي مؤهل قبل البدء أو تغيير العلاج الطبي.