منصة السياحة الطبية رقم 1 منذ عام 2014

أفضل زراعة أطقم الأسنان الهجينة All-on-4 أطباء الأسنان في تركيا - توب -66 أطباء

author
يلبي المحتوى سياسة التحرير Bookimed ويتم مراجعتها طبياً من قبل
فهد مولود - طبيب عام. حاصل على 4 جوائز علمية. خدم في غرب آسيا. رئيس الفريق الطبي الناطق بالعربية سابقا ومسؤول عن معالجة البيانات ودقة المحتوى الطبي حاليا.
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Goksel Kalyaz
دكتوراسنان
4سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
4.6
26 تقييمات
تركيا, أنطاليا
SoracaMed Clinic

Goksel Kalyaz

دكتوراسنان
4سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
الدكتور جوكسيل كالياز هو طبيب أسنان معتمد بدرجة عالية ومرتبط بالعديد من المنظمات المهنية في تركيا.اقرأ المزيد
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Eren Pera
جراح الفم والوجه والفكين
11سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
4.3
4 تقييمات
تركيا, إسطنبول
Hospitaprime Clinic

Eren Pera

جراح الفم والوجه والفكين
11سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Born and raised in Turkey, Dr. Pera attended the highly reputed Hacettepe University Dentistry Faculty from 2008 to 2013, where he began his journey to become a dentist. His passion for the field led him to further specialize in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, a field he trained in extensively at Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry from 2016 to 2021.

To ensure a holistic approach to patient care, Dr. Pera undertook several rotations between 2016 and 2019. This included areas like Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Emergency Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, and Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, all at Ankara University Faculty of Medicine.

Before establishing Hospitaprime, Dr. Pera served as an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon at the esteemed Koru Hospital in Ankara from May 2021 to July 2022. Shortly after, he joined Memorial Hospital in Istanbul in September 2022, where he continues to practice.

In March 2023, Dr. Pera took a significant step in his career by founding Hospitaprime in Istanbul, a state-of-the-art dental clinic offering a myriad of dental services. Through Hospitaprime, Dr. Pera has actualized his vision of providing unparalleled dental care, ensuring each patient benefits from his extensive knowledge, experience, and passion for the field.

اقرأ المزيد
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Maryam Fazeli
دكتوراسنان
8سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إزمير
Nifa Dent International

Maryam Fazeli

دكتوراسنان
8سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Prosthetic dental treatment specialist Maryam FAZELI completed her primary, middle, and high school education in Iran. In 2011, she began her dental education as a student at the Faculty of Dentistry at Ege University and successfully graduated in 2016.

In 2018, she completed her specialization education at the Department of Prosthetic Dental Treatment at Izmir Katip Çelebi University with her thesis titled "Radiographic Evaluation of Bone Loss in Implant-Supported Prostheses with Different Crown/Implant Ratios Placed in the Maxillary Posterior Region."

During and after her education, she attended numerous courses, seminars, and congresses. She started working as a prosthesis specialist at Izmirdent Oral and Dental Health Clinic in Izmir, where she focused on "Aesthetic Smile Design" and "Hollywood Smile" applications.

In 2024, she began working as a Prosthesis Specialist at Nifa Dent Oral and Dental Health Clinic. She is fluent in English, Persian, and Azerbaijani.

اقرأ المزيد

اكتشف حزم الموسم عند الطلب زراعة أطقم الأسنان الهجينة All-on-4

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clinic image clinic image
انقر لرؤية المزيد حول الحزمة
تركيا, إزمير
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Meral Nizam
دكتوراسنان
21سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إزمير
Nifa Dent International

Meral Nizam

دكتوراسنان
21سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Prosthetic dental treatment specialist Meral Nizam completed her primary, middle, and high school education in Kahramanmaraş. In 1998, she started her education at the Faculty of Dentistry at Ege University and successfully graduated in 2003. In the same year, she graduated and started her doctorate education at the Department of Prosthetic Dental Treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry at Ege University. She completed her education in 2009 with her doctoral thesis titled "Evaluation of the Treatment Effectiveness of Stable Type Occlusal Splints in Classic Temporomandibular Disorders."

Between 2010-2013, she worked as a Prosthetic Dental Treatment (Prosthesis) Specialist at a Dental Health Center affiliated with the Ministry of Health. In 2024, she started working as a prosthesis specialist at Nifa Dent Oral and Dental Health Clinic.

During and after her education, she attended numerous courses, seminars, and congresses. She is interested in all kinds of fixed prostheses, Temporomandibular Joint Disorders, Aesthetic Smile Design, and Implant-Supported Prosthetic Restorations.

She is fluent in English and has an intermediate level of German.

اقرأ المزيد
اختيار الطبيب الأيمن والعيادة الطبية: نصائح الإدراك
عند تحديد الطبيب أو العيادة الطبية، ضع هذه النقاط الرئيسية في الاعتبار:
التحقق من أوراق الاعتماد
التحقق من الشهادات من هيئات مثل ISAPS، JCI، إلخ.
استعراض معدلات النجاح
اختر أطباء لديهم خبرة قوية في علاجك المحدد.
آراء المرضى
مراجعات Bookimed من مرضى حقيقيين لتصفح تجربتهم.
ضمان التواصل
اختيار العيادات التي تقدم الدعم اللغوي للعلاج السلس.
اسأل عن الخدمات
تأكد مما إذا كانوا يوفرون الإقامة والانتقالات، وتحقق من التكاليف.
قد يكون اختيار العيادة في الخارج أمرًا مرهقًا. في Bookimed، حيث ساعدنا أكثر من 800 ألف مريض، نحن نتفهم مخاوفك. نعرف كيفية العثور على الأطباء الموثوقين، وأفضل خيارات الجودة والسعر، وحلول حتى للحالات المعقدة. نحن هنا لإرشادك في كل خطوة على الطريق.
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Yan Matsiivskiy
رئيس فريق المنسق الطبي
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Fahri Doruk
دكتوراسنان
11سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
4.0
3 تقييمات
تركيا, مارماريس
Dent48 Oral and Dental Health Polyclinic

Fahri Doruk

دكتوراسنان
11سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
الدكتور فاهري دوروك هو طبيب أسنان معروف بنهجه الموجه نحو المريض وخبرته في مختلف إجراءات طب الأسنان بما في ذلك زراعة الأسنان الكل على 4 وزراعة الأسنان وقشرة البورسلين وعلاج قناة الجذر. وهو مشهود له بقدرته على إدارة إجراءات طب الأسنان دون التسبب في الألم ومعالجة مخاوف الأسنان بفعالية. وهو خريج كلية طب الأسنان بجامعة إيجي.اقرأ المزيد
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Ismail Sen
جراح الفم والوجه والفكين
19سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
3 تقييمات
تركيا, إسطنبول
ClinicExpert

Ismail Sen

جراح الفم والوجه والفكين
19سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Doç. Dr. Dt. İsmail Sen

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Languages

Turkish
English

Education

Undergraduate Education
1994 - 1999
Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry

Doctoral Education
1994 - 1999
Ondokuz Mayıs University Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Associate Professorship
2013
Ondokuz Mayıs University

Experience

2024 -
ClinicExpert - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

2017 - 2024
Private Sector - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

2009 - 2017
Academic - Ondokuz Mayıs University

2005 - 2009
Samsun Dental Hospital - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Certificates

2012 - Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, Final Authorisation Certification Program
2011 - 3rd ACID International Conference on Implants
2011 - 38th International Congress of the Turkish Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
2010 - Regional Site Infections Symposium
2009 - 5th ACID International Symposium on Implants in Hard and Soft Tissues
2007 - Cell Symposium with International Participation
2007 - Research Course on Stereotaxy, Microsurgery
2005 - International Scientific Congress of the Turkish Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Achievements

First place awarded in the category "Clinical Research" at the ACID International Congress
1st Place Award in International Andrei Azzizi Implant Competition
Published numerous articles in leading scientific journals

اقرأ المزيد
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Kaan Kurtdemir
دكتوراسنان
36سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
2 تقييم
تركيا, إسطنبول
Esthetic Smile Academy

Kaan Kurtdemir

دكتوراسنان
36سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
د. كان كورتدمير متخصص في طب الأسنان التجميلي. وهو مزود معترف به لنظام ستراومان® لزراعة الأسنان.اقرأ المزيد
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Ezgi Yuceer Cetiner
دكتوراسنان
11سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إسطنبول
Bahçeşehir University Dental Hospital

Ezgi Yuceer Cetiner

دكتوراسنان
11سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Dr. Yüceer-Çetiner was born in 1989 in Ankara, Turkey. She graduated from Başkent University Faculty of Dentistry in 2013. She then completed oral and maxillofacial surgery residency at Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Dentistry, between the years 2014-2018. She has been working as assistant professor in Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey since 2019. Her interests are in maxillofacial regeneration and reconstructive surgery, orthognathic surgery, temporomandibular joint diseases, jaw pathology and dental implantology. She has several publications in peerreviewed journals. She is also member of national and international associations of oral and maxillofacial

اقرأ المزيد
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Dr Dt Alper T
دكتوراسنان
5سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
3 تقييمات
تركيا, إسطنبول
ClinicExpert

Dr Dt Alper T

دكتوراسنان
5سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Dr. Dt. Alper T.
Prosthesis Specialist

Education

  • 2015-2022: Master's Degree in Prosthetic Dentistry, Istanbul University
  • 2006-2011: Undergraduate Education, Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry

Experience

  • 2021-present: Prosthodontist, Clinicexpert
  • 2019-2021: Prosthodontist, Prof. Dr. Osman Gümrü Clinic
  • 2019-2021: Prosthodontist, ParkDental ODHC
  • 2012-2019: Dentist, Silivri Aesthetic ODHC

Dissertations

  • 2021: The Effect of Surface Treatments with Different Laser Types on the Bond Strength of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics with Resin Composite

Certifications

  • 2021: Biohorizons DAY, Dr. Marius Steigmann (Periodontal Tissue Advanced Surgery HandsOn)
  • 2018: Nobel Biocare Turkey Symposium Applications
  • 2018: Soft Tissue Management by Marius Steigmann, Frankfurt - Germany
  • 2017: Turkish Society of Oral Implant. XXXIX Sinus Lifting
  • 2017: Turkish Society of Oral Implantology XXXIX. International Scientific Congress
  • 2017: Advanced Training for i50FH/ i51FH Implant System and its Surgical System (Seul-Kore)
  • 2016: Turkish Society of Oral Implantology Congress. Prosthodontics and Implantology Logic
  • 2017: Gum BioHorizons International Symposium on Implantology and Surgery
  • 2017: IBS Advanced Surgery Symposium
  • 2017: Digital Transformation in 3D Dentistry
  • 2016: Nobel Biocare Turkey Symposium
اقرأ المزيد
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Serkan Celebi
دكتوراسنان
18سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, مارماريس
Celebi Dental Clinics

Serkan Celebi

دكتوراسنان
18سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Dr Serkan Çelebi was born in Berlin. He obtained his dental degree from Aegean University’s Faculty of Dentistry in 2004.Çelebi Dental Clinics formally known as Dental Marmaris started in 2006 is based over 2 Beautifuly Designed, State of the Art Clinics in the heart of Marmaris, Turkey.

your Treatments and care are made Clearly along with our Native and English Speaking Patient Co-ordinators.your Treatments and care are made Clearly along with our Native and English Speaking Patient Co-ordinators.your Treatments and care are made Clearly along with our Native and English Speaking 

اقرأ المزيد
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Ali Dincer Bagci
دكتوراسنان
5سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
1 تقييم
تركيا, إسطنبول
TWT Health Clinic

Ali Dincer Bagci

دكتوراسنان
5سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

LANGUAGES

English - Professional

 

EDUCATION

• Trakya University, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department -

Specialization (2019-2023)

• Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry (2014-2019)

• Balıkesir Gönen Anatolian High School (2010-2014)

 

CERTIFICATIONS

• 32nd International Scientic Congress of the Turkish Oral

Implantology Association (2023)

• 8th Assistant School of the Turkish Association of Oral and

Maxillofacial Surgery (2022)

• GreatIST Dental Congress (2022)

• 14th International Scientic Congress of the Turkish Association of

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (2021)

• 27th International Scientic Congress of the Turkish Association of

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (TAOMS) (2020)

• 5th Assistant School of the Turkish Association of Oral and

Maxillofacial Surgery (2020)

• ITI Turkey & Azerbaijan Chapter Scientic Meeting (2020)

• Orthero Education Symposium (2019)

• 2nd A to Z Oral Implantology Symposium (2019)

• 25th International Dental Congress of the Turkish Dental

Association (2019)

• 24th International Dental Congress of the Turkish Dental

Association (2018)

• 2nd International Summer Camp: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,

Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry (2018)

• 25th Scientic Congress of the Research Club, Istanbul University

Faculty of Dentistry (2018)

• 23rd International Dental Congress of the Turkish Dental

Association (2017)

• 24th Scientic Congress of the Research Club, Istanbul University

Faculty of Dentistry (2017)

• 23rd Scientic Congress of the Research Club, Istanbul University

Faculty of Dentistry (2016)

• GreatIST Dental Congress (2015)

اقرأ المزيد
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Caner Ozturk
دكتوراسنان
14سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, أنقرة
Medipol University Ankara Dental Hospital

Caner Ozturk

دكتوراسنان
14سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Gulsevim Oda, D.M.D

Fields of Study and Interests

  • Anterior and posterior region restorations
  • Milk tooth amputation and root canal treatment 
  • Tooth extraction and space maintainers
  • Dental Treatments Under General Anesthesia
  • Protective dental treatments

Education

2015- İstanbul University Faculty of Dentistry 

2020- İstanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Pedodontics

Career

2022- continuing Ankara Medipol University Dental Hospital

2015 - 2020 Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry

Publications

Oda G, Karayagmurlu A, Dagli I, Aren G, Soylu N. Oral Health Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross Sectional Study from Turkey. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences 2021;11(3):186-192. Doi: 10.5455/PBS.20210321075312

Birant S, Koruyucu M, Ozcan H, Ilisulu C, Kasimoglu Y, Avcu N, Kocaaydin S, Bektas D, Usta G, Akay C, Bekiroglu N, Seymen F. Investigating the Level of Knowledge of the Community about Oral and Dental Health [published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 15]. Eur J Dent. 2020;10.1055/s-0040-1716583.
 

Usta G., Çağlar E., Aren G., “Diş Hekimlerinin Enfektif Endokarditi Önleme Konusundaki Bilgilerinin Değerlendirilmesi.”, Turkish Dental Association 25. International Dental Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 4-7 September 2019, pp.373. (Sözlü Sunum, Özet Bildiri)

Can K., Usta G., Aren G., “Apexification of Immature Fractured Teeth with MTA: Case
Series.”, 11th Interim Seminar & Guidelines Workshop of the European Academy of
Paediatric Dentistry, Crete, Greece, 2-4 May 2019, pp.52. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)
 

Usta G., Güven Y., Sarp P., Aren G., “Radicular cyst associated with a primary second molar: a case report.”, International Association of Paediatric Dentistry Regional Meeting and 25th Congress of Turkish Society of Paediatric Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey, 12-14 October 2018, pp180. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)
 

Usta G., Kasımoğlu Y., Aren G., “Replante Edilen Bir Dişte İnflamatuar Rezorpsiyonun Tedavisi.” Turkish Dental Association 24. International Dental Congress, Ankara, Turkey, 27-30 September 2018, pp.648-649. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

Koruyucu M., Birant S., Özcan H., İlisulu C., Kasımoğlu Y., Üstün N., Kocaaydın S., Dinç D., Usta G., Akay C., Bekiroğlu N., Seymen F., “Investigation the level of knowledge of the community about oral and dental health.”, International Congress On Preventive Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey, 5-8 March 2018. (Sözlü Sunum, Özet Bildiri).

Aren G., Usta G., Çayırcı M., Acar B., “Assessment of parents' knowledge and attitudes about artificial additives in toothpaste and brushing / Survey Study.”, International Congress On Preventive Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey, 5-8 March 2018. (Sözlü Sunum, Özet Bildiri)

Aksakal D., Usta G., Aren G., “Conservative management of an ectopıically erupting permanent maxillar molar: a case report.”, International Congress On Preventive Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey, 5-8 March 2018. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

Usta G., Kasımoğlu Y., Aren G., “Treatment of Anterior Crossbite in Mixed Dentition: Case Series.” Turkish Dental Association 23. International Dental Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 21- 24 September 2017, Turkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci 2017;23(Suppl) pp.421. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

Usta G., Aren G., Çayırcı M., “Management of Enamel Hypoplasia With Direct Composite Restorations: Two Case Reports.” AIC 19th International Congress and CONSEURO, Bologna, Italy, 11-13 May 2017, Clin Oral Invest (2017)21:pp1392. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

اقرأ المزيد
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Omer Murat Sarac
دكتوراسنان
29سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
5.0
3 تقييمات
تركيا, إزمير
My Nova Kusadasi Dental Clinic

Omer Murat Sarac

دكتوراسنان
29سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Born in 1969, in Iskenderun, Turkey. Completed primary and high school in Iskenderun. In 1997, graduated from the Ataturk University, Faculty of Dentistry. Worked professionally in Yasam Health Policlinic, Aliaga, Izmir for 3 years and moved to Australia for RMIT University for education. After 3 years, moved back to Aliaga and operated and served my own clinic. In 2015, opened, Nova Oral Health and Dental Clinic in Bostanli, Izmir. Finally, partnered up with Eda Cesit and established My Nova Oral and Dental Health Policlinic. I have a son. Since 2006, I am a member of the Esthetical Dentist Academy and Global Dentistry Academy.

اقرأ المزيد
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Asli Tapan Kavusturan
دكتوراسنان
24سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
4.6
303 تقييمات
تركيا, إسطنبول
Memorial Şişli Hospital

Asli Tapan Kavusturan

دكتوراسنان
24سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

MEDICAL EXPERINENCE

2016 - Present

MEMORIAL SİSLİ HOSPİTAL

Dentist/Istanbul

 

2009 - 2016

MEMORIAL SUADIYE MEDICAL CENTER

Dentist/Istanbul

 

2000 - 2009

PRIVATE CLINIC

Dentist/Istanbul

 

MEDICAL EDUCATION

 

1992 - 1997

EGE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF DENTISTRY / İzmir, Turkey

 

PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

Prosthetic trainingseminar 1997 

TDB DentistryCongress 2002 / 2003 / 2004/2006 

TDBCenturyCongress inScientific Dentistry 

6thAegeanRegion DentistsChambers International ScientificCongressandExhibition2006 

6thAegeanRegion DentistsChambers International ScientificCongressandExhibitionteethwhitening course2006 

Oral implantology theoreticalandpractical courses April 2004 

Oral implantology theoreticalandpractical courses March2004 

EDAD IstanbulCongress 2006 

DentalCommunicationSeminar 2006 

Ankara DentistsChamberSpringSymposium2007, Cyprus 

Ankara DentistsChamberSpringSymposium2008, Antalya 

MemberofTurkish DentalAssociation MemberofInternationalTeamfor Implantology (ITI) 

MemberofAcademyofEsthetic Dentistry

 

اقرأ المزيد
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Selenay Tekeli
دكتوراسنان
4سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
4.0
3 تقييمات

Selenay Tekeli

دكتوراسنان
4سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, مارماريس
Dent48 Oral and Dental Health Polyclinic
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Ozge Akay
دكتوراسنان
10سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
4.0
3 تقييمات

Ozge Akay

دكتوراسنان
10سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, مارماريس
Dent48 Oral and Dental Health Polyclinic
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Delfin Ates Doruk
دكتوراسنان
10سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
4.0
3 تقييمات

Delfin Ates Doruk

دكتوراسنان
10سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, مارماريس
Dent48 Oral and Dental Health Polyclinic
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Yusuf Yancar
دكتوراسنان
13سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Yusuf Yancar

دكتوراسنان
13سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إسطنبول
Risus Clinic Istanbul
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Ilbilge Satiroglu
دكتوراسنان
10سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إزمير
Dent Glow Clinic

Ilbilge Satiroglu

دكتوراسنان
10سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
د. إلبيلج ساتيروغلو هي أخصائية تركيبات أسنان اصطناعية تتمتع بخبرة تزيد عن عشر سنوات في مجال التعويضات السنية والتجميل. وهي تتفوق في علاجات مثل زراعة الأسنان والقشرة والتلبيسات وتيجان الأسنان وتبييض الأسنان. عملت في أماكن متنوعة بما في ذلك المستشفيات والعيادات الخاصة، وأجرت أكثر من 10,750 علاجاً.اقرأ المزيد
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Baturay Ornak
اخصائي زراعة الاسنان
6سنة خبره ١٦ سنة
تركيا, إسطنبول
Ulusoydent Oral&Dental Care Clinics

Baturay Ornak

اخصائي زراعة الاسنان
6سنة خبره ١٦ سنة

Education

Konya Selçuk University Faculty of Dentistry

EC English Language Schools Brighton,England  

Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Surgery PHD

 

Work Experiences

Avrupadiş Ataşehir,

Private Yakacık Oral and Dental Health Polyclinic,

Kartal Private Vera Hospital,

As a surgical physician at Dentgroup Çekmeköy clinic,

 

PUBLICATIONS AND STUDIES

• Evaluation of the Effect of Botulinum Toxin Application on Chewing Muscles and Nutrition

• Evaluation of the Effect of Flap Design on Quality of Life in Under Impacted Wisdom Teeth Extractions

• The Effect of Kinesio Tape Application on Edema After Wisdom Tooth Extraction

اقرأ المزيد
قد تحتوي هذه الصفحة على معلومات تتعلق بمختلف الحالات الطبية والعلاجات وخدمات الرعاية الصحية المتوفرة في بلدان مختلفة. يرجى العلم أن المحتوى مقدم لأغراض إعلامية فقط ولا ينبغي تفسيره على أنه نصيحة أو إرشادات طبية. يرجى استشارة طبيبك أو أخصائي طبي مؤهل قبل البدء أو تغيير العلاج الطبي.