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ureteroscopy","Infected obstructed system needing drainage","Ureteral stricture or extrinsic compression (tumor, retroperitoneal fibrosis)","Ureteral injury, leak or protection after ureteral surgery","Passive ureteral dilation before ureteroscopy","Prevention of steinstrasse after shock wave lithotripsy","Ureteral identification during pelvic or abdominal surgery","Obstructing stone in pregnancy"],"main_risks":["Stent symptoms (flank pain, urgency, frequency, dysuria, hematuria)","Urinary tract infection","Stent migration","Encrustation and stone formation","Ureteral injury or perforation","Stent obstruction or failure to drain","Forgotten stent with renal damage","Stent fracture","Anesthesia-related risks"],"pain":"Mild to moderate flank and bladder discomfort is common while the stent is in place, worse with voiding.","preparation":["Urine test and infection treatment","Imaging review","Pre-anesthesia assessment and fasting","Medication review by treating team","Informed consent including stent symptoms","Agreed removal or exchange date"],"recovery_timeline":[{"phase":"Day of procedure","description":"Short observation and early walking; discharge once stable and voiding; removal or exchange date set before discharge.","restrictions":["No driving after general anesthesia"]},{"phase":"While stent is in place","description":"Urinary symptoms and pink urine are common; fluids and analgesics help.","restrictions":["Avoid heavy exertion while symptomatic"]},{"phase":"Stent removal or exchange","description":"Planned cystoscopic removal or exchange usually within 4-12 weeks, earlier if indicated. Never leave a stent without follow-up.","restrictions":[]},{"phase":"At any time","description":"Seek urgent care for fever, severe pain, heavy bleeding or clots, inability to urinate, or no urine output.","restrictions":[]}],"rehabilitation_days":{"min":1,"max":3,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Recovery from the procedure itself; stent symptoms may last until removal."},"result_longevity":"Temporary drainage until planned removal or exchange, typically 4-12 weeks for adult polymer double-J stents; device and indication may require earlier removal.","revision_rate_pct":{"min":5,"max":15,"unit":"percent","qualifier":"Unplanned stent exchange, repositioning or re-drainage for migration, obstruction, encrustation or failure to drain before planned removal."},"scars":"No incision-related scars with the retrograde cystoscopic approach.","sessions_or_stages":{"sessions":{"min":2,"max":2,"unit":"visits","qualifier":"Placement plus planned removal or exchange; additional visits or underlying-disease treatment may be needed."},"stages":[{"code":"stent_placement","label":"Cystoscopic retrograde stent placement","after":{"min":0,"max":0,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Initial placement day"}},{"code":"stent_removal_or_exchange","label":"Planned stent removal or exchange","after":{"min":28,"max":84,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Planned at 4-12 weeks; earlier if device-specific deadline applies."}}],"qualifier":"Adult temporary polymer double-J drainage; definitive treatment of the cause is separate."},"success":{"metric":"Technical success of stent placement","value":95,"unit":"percent","horizon":"At procedure","population":"Adults with ureteral obstruction undergoing retrograde placement","evidence_status":"limited"},"techniques":[{"name":"Retrograde cystoscopic double-J placement","suits_whom":"Most adults with ureteral obstruction or ureteral protection needs.","recovery":"Same-day discharge typical; stent symptoms until removal."},{"name":"Antegrade percutaneous stent placement","suits_whom":"Failed retrograde access, e.g., guidewire cannot pass, or altered anatomy.","recovery":"Requires percutaneous nephrostomy access; separate anesthesia and observation plan."},{"name":"Metallic ureteral stent","suits_whom":"Selected patients needing long-term drainage, e.g., malignant obstruction.","recovery":"Long-term drainage with a device-specific exchange schedule."}],"treatment_conditions":["day_case"],"treatment_duration_hours":{"min":0.25,"max":0.75,"unit":"hours","qualifier":"Retrograde placement alone, excluding anesthesia and recovery."},"initial_assessment_documents":["CT urogram or abdominal CT report","Kidney ultrasound report","Recent creatinine and eGFR results","Urine culture result","Urology discharge summary or imaging showing obstruction","List of blood thinners"],"travel_trips":{"min":2,"max":2,"one_trip_possible":false,"qualifier":"Placement trip of 2-3 days; return 4-12 weeks later for removal or exchange, unless done locally."},"clinic_checks":{"status":"ok","items":[{"id":"C1","text":"Confirm the surgeon is trained and experienced in the exact procedure you are considering, not just in surgery generally","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.isaps.org/discover/patients-home/considering-your-procedure-abroad/finding-a-surgeon-abroad/","host":"isaps.org","quote":"Verify that the surgeon is trained and experienced in performing the procedure you are considering.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-11","http_status":200}},{"id":"C2","text":"Ask for certification information and the name of the body that certified the surgical setting","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.isaps.org/discover/patients-home/considering-your-procedure-abroad/finding-a-surgeon-abroad/","host":"isaps.org","quote":"Ask for certification information and the name of the certifying body when assessing a surgical setting.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-11","http_status":200}},{"id":"C3","text":"Check that the surgeon who consults with you is the same person who will carry out the procedure","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://travelaware.campaign.gov.uk/surgery-abroad-cut-out-the-risk/","host":"travelaware.campaign.gov.uk","quote":"Check that the surgeon you consult with, will be the same person carrying out the procedure.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-11","http_status":200}},{"id":"C4","text":"Ask whether a doctor is always present in the clinic and whether a high dependency or intensive care unit exists","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.bapras.org.uk/public/patient-information/cosmetic-surgery/cosmetic-surgery-abroad","host":"bapras.org.uk","quote":"Is there always a doctor in the clinic and is there a high dependency or intensive care unit?","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-11","http_status":200}},{"id":"C5","text":"Ask whether the surgeon and the facility use a surgical safety checklist, which can reduce complications","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.isaps.org/discover/patients-home/considering-your-procedure-abroad/finding-a-surgeon-abroad/","host":"isaps.org","quote":"Do the surgeon and his/her facility use a safety checklist?","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-11","http_status":200}}],"checked_at":"2026-11-13","next_check_at":"2027-11-13","version":1},"red_flags":{"status":"ok","items":[{"id":"F1","text":"An advert or information that guarantees complete success should raise concerns","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://travelaware.campaign.gov.uk/surgery-abroad-cut-out-the-risk/","host":"travelaware.campaign.gov.uk","quote":"Any advert or information that guarantees complete success should raise concerns.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-11","http_status":200}},{"id":"F2","text":"Forceful persuasion or cheap, time-limited offers pushing you into a quick decision","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://travelaware.campaign.gov.uk/surgery-abroad-cut-out-the-risk/","host":"travelaware.campaign.gov.uk","quote":"Don’t be pressured into quick decisions either through forceful persuasion or cheap, time limited offers.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-11","http_status":200}},{"id":"F3","text":"A price that sounds too good to be true probably is","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/articles/will-economic-uncertainty-drive-more-patients-overseas-for-plastic-surgery-what-to-consider-and-how-to-stretch-your-dollar-back-home","host":"plasticsurgery.org","quote":"If the price sounds too good to be true, it probably is.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-11","http_status":200}}],"checked_at":"2026-11-13","next_check_at":"2027-11-13","version":1},"warning_signs":{"status":"ok","items":[{"id":"W1","text":"Clots of tissue in your pee","urgency":"contact_clinic","general":false,"source":{"url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21795-ureteral-stents","host":"my.clevelandclinic.org","quote":"Clots of tissue in your pee","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}},{"id":"W2","text":"Dark, cloudy or foul-smelling pee","urgency":"contact_clinic","general":false,"source":{"url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21795-ureteral-stents","host":"my.clevelandclinic.org","quote":"Dark, cloudy or foul-smelling pee","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}},{"id":"W3","text":"Severe pain or burning when you 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