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Low-grade tumors often stay controlled for years; high-grade tumors usually recur within months to a few years despite adjuvant therapy.","revision_rate_pct":{"min":2,"max":6,"unit":"percent","qualifier":"Unplanned early reoperation for hematoma, infection, CSF leak or wound problems within 30 days."},"scars":"A scalp incision within the hairline in most cases; a linear or curved scar that is usually well hidden by hair, with a small area of hair removed or shaved.","sessions_or_stages":{"sessions":{"min":1,"max":1,"unit":"visits","qualifier":"Single craniotomy operation; staged or repeat surgery is exceptional or for recurrence."},"stages":[{"code":"craniotomy_resection","label":"Craniotomy and glioma resection","after":{"min":0,"max":0,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Performed on the day of surgery."}}],"qualifier":"Adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy is separate from the resection."},"success":{"metric":"Gross total resection achieved on postoperative MRI","value":60,"unit":"percent of patients","horizon":"Within 72 hours after surgery","population":"Adults with resectable supratentorial glioma, standard neuronavigated craniotomy","evidence_status":"limited"},"techniques":[{"name":"Craniotomy with microsurgical resection and neuronavigation","suits_whom":"Most accessible gliomas; maximal safe resection with image guidance.","recovery":"Hospital stay of several days, then gradual recovery over weeks."},{"name":"Awake craniotomy with cortical mapping","suits_whom":"Tumors near speech or motor areas in selected cooperative patients.","recovery":"Similar to standard craniotomy; aims to preserve function."},{"name":"Fluorescence-guided resection (5-ALA)","suits_whom":"Suspected high-grade glioma.","recovery":"Similar to standard craniotomy; temporary light sensitivity precautions."}],"treatment_conditions":["inpatient"],"treatment_duration_hours":{"min":3,"max":6,"unit":"hours","qualifier":"Typical operative time for an uncomplicated primary craniotomy; varies with location and monitoring or mapping."},"initial_assessment_documents":["Brain MRI with and without contrast (DICOM)","MRI report","Biopsy or pathology report (if available)","Neurosurgery discharge summaries (if available)","List of blood thinners"],"travel_trips":{"min":1,"max":1,"one_trip_possible":true,"qualifier":"Single craniotomy; 7-14 day stay including hospital and early MRI. Wound check and adjuvant therapy possible at home."},"clinic_checks":{"status":"ok","items":[{"id":"C1","text":"Check whether follow-up care is scheduled at the same facility","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/health-care-abroad/medical-tourism.html","host":"cdc.gov","quote":"Medical tourists should also know whether follow-up care is scheduled to occur at the same facility as the procedure.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-12","http_status":403}},{"id":"C2","text":"Check whether brain mapping is performed before and during surgery to identify functional brain areas","scope":"procedure","source":{"url":"https://departments.med.upenn.edu/academic-departments/department-of-neurosurgery/divisions/neuro-oncology-division/treatment-options","host":"departments.med.upenn.edu","quote":"The brain is mapped both before and during the surgery.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-12","http_status":200}},{"id":"C3","text":"Check 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