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needed."},"stages":[{"code":"surgery","label":"Varicocelectomy (vein ligation)","after":{"min":0,"max":0,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Day of procedure"}}],"qualifier":"One surgical session; follow-up visits are not counted as treatment."},"success":{"metric":"Improvement in semen parameters after microsurgical repair","value":65,"unit":"percent of infertile men","horizon":"3-6 months","population":"Adult men with palpable varicocele and abnormal semen parameters","evidence_status":"limited"},"techniques":[{"name":"Microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy","suits_whom":"Most adults, especially when fertility is the goal.","recovery":"Same-day discharge; light work in about 3-7 days."},{"name":"Open inguinal (Ivanissevich) or retroperitoneal (Palomo) ligation","suits_whom":"Selected cases or where microsurgery is unavailable.","recovery":"Similar, sometimes slightly longer; higher hydrocele and recurrence risk."},{"name":"Laparoscopic varicocelectomy","suits_whom":"Selected cases, e.g. 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